ASTM C1507-2012 Standard Test Method for Radiochemical Determination of Strontium-90 in Soil《土壤中锶90的放射化学测定用标准试验方法》.pdf
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1、Designation: C1507 12Standard Test Method forRadiochemical Determination of Strontium-90 in Soil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1507; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination ofstrontium-90 in soil at levels of detection dependent on counttime, sample size
3、, detector efficiency, background, and chemi-cal yield.1.2 This test method is designed for the analysis of tengrams of soil, previously collected and treated as described inPractices C998 and C999. This test method may not be able tocompletely dissolve all soil matrices. The values stated in SIunit
4、s are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory lim
5、itations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC998 Practice for Sampling Surface Soil for RadionuclidesC999 Practice for Soil Sample Preparation for the Determi-nation of RadionuclidesD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD7282 Practice
6、 for Set-up, Calibration, and Quality Controlof Instruments Used for Radioactivity Measurements3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminology C859.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Strontium is extracted from soil with a mixture of nitric,hydrochloric, and hydrofluo
7、ric acids in the presence of stron-tium carrier. Strontium is isolated by extraction chromatogra-phy and evaporated on a planchet for recovery determinationand subsequent beta counting. This test method describes oneof the possible approaches to determine strontium-90 in soil.The chemical yield is t
8、ypically 95 % with a detection limit ofabout 0.004 Bq/g for a ten gram sample.5. Significance and Use5.1 Because soil is an integrator and a reservoir of long-lived radionuclides, and serves as an intermediary in severalpathways of potential exposure to humans, knowledge of theconcentration of stron
9、tium-90 in soil is essential. A soilsampling and analysis program provides a direct means ofdetermining the concentration and distribution of radionuclidesin soil. A soil analysis program has the most significance forthe preoperational monitoring program to establish baselineconcentrations prior to
10、the operation of a nuclear facility. Soilanalysis, although useful in special cases involving unexpectedreleases, may not be able to assess small incremental releases.6. Interferences6.1 The presence of strontium-89 in the sample may bias thereported strontium-90 results using this method.6.2 Large
11、concentrations of strontium, calcium, barium, orlead in the soil sample could interfere with the extractionchromatographic separation by loading the column with theseelements. Section 12.1 discusses procedures for accounting forthe stable strontium.6.3 The final strontium form is a nitrate salt and
12、it ishygroscopic. Care must be taken when determining the mass ofthe final precipitate to avoid mass fluctuations and changes inphysical form or self-absorption due to water absorption fromthe atmosphere.7. Apparatus7.1 Beta Particle CounterA shielded low-backgroundproportional detector with appropr
13、iate electronics and compu-tational capabilities to control operations. The efficiency of thesystem should be greater than 35 percent for strontium-90 witha background of less than a few counts per minute. PracticeD7282 may contain other useful information on the set-up,1This test method is under th
14、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods ofTest.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C1507 07E01. DOI:10.1520/C1507-12.2For
15、 referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
16、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.calibration, and usage of such instrumentation. The measure-ment of strontium-90 and yttrium-90 can also be conducted byliquid scintillation spectrometry provided equivalency is dem-onstrated.7.2 Counting DishesTypically, 50 mm diameter, 6 mmdeep, st
17、ainless steel counting dishes, although other sizes maybe used that are compatible with the measurement instrumen-tation.7.3 Heat Lamp.7.4 Muffle Furnace.7.5 Whatman #2 Filter Paper or equivalent.7.6 Borosilicate Glass Erlenmeyers Flasks and Beakers.7.7 PTFE Beakers.7.8 Stir/Hot Plate.7.9 Polytetraf
18、luoroethylene (PTFE) Coated Magnetic StirBars.8. Reagents8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,
19、where such specifications are available.3Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.8.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood
20、 to mean reagent water as definedin Specification D1193, Type III.8.3 Strontium CarrierDissolve 10.00 grams of Sr(NO3)2in 0.1M HNO3and dilute to one liter with 0.1M HNO310 mgSr(NO3)2per mL. If insoluble material is observed, filter thecarrier solution through 0.1-0.45 m filter media.8.4 29 M Hydrofl
21、uoric Acid (48 %)Concentrated hydro-fluoric acid.8.5 12 M Hydrochloric Acid (sp gr 1.19)Concentratedhydrochloric acid.8.6 16 M Nitric Acid (sp gr 1.42)Concentrated nitric acid.8.7 8 M Nitric AcidMix one volume of concentrated nitricacid with one volume of water.8.8 0.1 M Nitric AcidAdd 6.25 mL conce
22、ntrated nitricacid to water and dilute to one liter.8.9 0.05 M Nitric AcidAdd 3.10 mL concentrated nitricacid to water and dilute to one liter.8.10 Extraction Chromatographic ColumnA2 mL extrac-tion chromatographic column (including funnel reservoir)containing 4.4(5)-di-t-butylcyclohexane 18crown-6
23、(crownEther) in 1octanol on an inert chromatographic support.49. Standardization and Calibration9.1 Standardization of Strontium CarrierThe standardiza-tion of the strontium carrier should be conducted in triplicate.Standardization of the strontium carrier and yield calculationsmay also be performed
24、 by plasma spectrometry analysisprovided equivalency is demonstrated.9.1.1 Clean and weigh the counting dish.9.1.2 Pipette 1.000 mL of strontium carrier solution into thecounting dish.9.1.3 Place the counting dish in a fume hood under a heatlamp until the sample is at constant weight.9.1.4 Cool the
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