ASTM C1507-2007 Standard Test Method for Radiochemical Determination of Strontium-90 in Soil《土壤中锶90的放射化学测定用标准试验方法》.pdf
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1、Designation: C 1507 07Standard Test Method forRadiochemical Determination of Strontium-90 in Soil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1507; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination ofstrontium-90 in soil at levels of detection dependent on counttime, sample s
3、ize, detector efficiency, background, and recov-ery.1.2 This test method is designed for the analysis of tengrams of soil, previously collected and treated as described inPractices C 998 and C 999. This test method may not be ableto completely dissolve all soil matrices. The values stated in SIunits
4、 are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limi
5、tations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials3C 998 Practice for Sampling Surface Soil for RadionuclidesC 999 Practice for Soil Sample Preparation for the Deter-mination of RadionuclidesD 1193 Specification for Reagent Water3. Termino
6、logy3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminology C 859.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Strontium is extracted from soil with a mixture of nitric,hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acids in the presence of stron-tium carrier. Strontium is isolated by extraction chromatogra-phy and
7、 evaporated on a planchet for recovery determinationand subsequent beta counting. This test method describes oneof the possible approaches to determine strontium-90 in soil.The chemical yield is typically 95 % with a detection limit ofabout 0.004 Bq/g for a ten gram sample.5. Significance and Use5.1
8、 Because soil is an integrator and a reservoir of long-lived radionuclides, and serves as an intermediary in severalpathways of potential exposure to humans, knowledge of theconcentration of strontium-90 in soil is essential. A soilsampling and analysis program provides a direct means ofdetermining
9、the concentration and distribution of radionuclidesin soil. A soil analysis program has the most significance forthe preoperational monitoring program to establish baselineconcentrations prior to the operation of a nuclear facility. Soilanalysis, although useful in special cases involving unexpected
10、releases, may not be able to assess small incremental releases.6. Interferences6.1 The presence of strontium-89 in the sample will inter-fere with the determination of strontium-90.6.2 Large concentrations of strontium, calcium, barium, orlead in the soil sample could interfere with the extractionch
11、romatographic separation by loading the column with theseelements. Section 12.1 discusses procedures for accounting forthe stable strontium.6.3 The final strontium form is a nitrate salt and it ishygroscopic. Care must be taken when determining the mass ofthe final precipitate to avoid mass fluctuat
12、ions and changes inphysical form or self-absorption due to water absorption fromthe atmosphere.7. Apparatus7.1 Beta Particle CounterA shielded low-backgroundproportional detector with appropriate electronics and compu-tational capabilities to control operations. The efficiency of thesystem should be
13、 greater than 35 percent for strontium-90 witha background of less than a few counts per minute. Themeasurement of strontium-90 can also be conducted by liquidscintillation spectrometry provided equivalency is demon-strated.7.2 Counting DishesTypically, 50 mm diameter, 6 mmdeep, stainless steel coun
14、ting dishes, although other sizes maybe used that are compatible with the measurement instrumen-tation.7.3 Heat Lamp.7.4 Muffle Furnace.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods ofTest.Cur
15、rent edition approved June 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedin 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 1507 01 (2006).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards v
16、olume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.5 Whatman #2 Filter Paper.7.6 Borosilicate Glass Erlenmeyers Flasks and Beakers.7.7 PTFE
17、Beakers.7.8 Stir/Hot Plate.7.9 Teflon Coated Magnetic Stir Bars.8. Reagents8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American
18、 Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.4Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.8.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water s
19、hall be understood to mean reagent water as definedin Specification D 1193, Type III.8.3 Strontium CarrierDissolve 10.00 grams of Sr(NO3)2in 0.1M HNO3and dilute to one liter with 0.1M HNO310 mgSr(NO3)2per mL. If insoluble material is observed, filter thecarrier solution through 0.1-0.45 m filter med
20、ia.8.4 29 M Hydrofluoric Acid (48 %)Concentrated hydrof-luoric acid.8.5 12 M Hydrochloric Acid (sp gr 1.19)Concentratedhydrochloric acid.8.6 16 M Nitric Acid (sp gr 1.42)Concentrated nitric acid.8.7 8 M Nitric AcidMix one volume of concentrated nitricacid with one volume of water.8.8 0.1 M Nitric Ac
21、idAdd 6.25 mL concentrated nitricacid to water and dilute to one liter.8.9 0.05 M Nitric AcidAdd 3.10 mL concentrated nitricacid to water and dilute to one liter.8.10 Extraction Chromatographic ColumnA 2 mLstrontium-specific extraction chromatographic column includ-ing funnel reservoir.59. Standardi
22、zation and Calibration9.1 Standardization of Strontium CarrierThe standardiza-tion of the strontium carrier should be conducted in triplicate.Standardization of the strontium carrier and yield calculationsmay also be performed by plasma spectrometry analysisprovided equivalency is demonstrated.9.1.1
23、 Clean and weigh the counting dish.9.1.2 Pipette 1.000 mL of strontium carrier solution into thecounting dish.9.1.3 Place the counting dish in a fume hood under a heatlamp until the sample is at constant weight.9.1.4 Cool the sample counting dish and counting dish/residue and reweigh.9.1.5 Average t
24、he three net residue weights and record theaverage as the amount of the strontium nitrate in the carrier.9.2 Calibration of Beta Counting System for Strontium-90This calibration should be carried out in triplicate for eachvolume of carrier pipetted.9.2.1 Pipette 0.500, 1.000, 1.500 and 2.000 mL of s
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