ASTM A751-2014 Standard Test Methods Practices and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products《钢制品化学分析的标准试验方法 操作规程和术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: A751 14Standard Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A751; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThese test methods, practices, and t

3、erminology were prepared to answer the need for a singledocument that would include all aspects of obtaining and reporting the chemical analysis of steel,stainless steel, and related alloys. Such subjects as definitions of terms and product (check) analysisvariations (tolerances) required clarificat

4、ion. Requirements for sampling, meeting specified limits, andtreatment of data usually were not clearly established in product specifications.It is intended that these test methods, practices, and terminology will contain all requirements forthe determination of chemical composition of steel, stainl

5、ess steel, or related alloys so that productspecifications will need contain only special modifications and exceptions.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods, practices, and terminology coverdefinitions, reference methods, practices, and guides relating tothe chemical analysis of steel, stainless steel, an

6、d relatedalloys. It includes both wet chemical and instrumental tech-niques.1.2 Directions are provided for handling chemicalrequirements, product analyses, residual elements, and refer-ence standards, and for the treatment and reporting of chemicalanalysis data.1.3 These test methods, practices, an

7、d terminology applyonly to those product standards which include these testmethods, practices, and terminology, or parts thereof, as arequirement.1.4 In cases of conflict, the product specification require-ments shall take precedence over the requirements of these testmethods, practices, and termino

8、logy.1.5 Attention is directed to ISO/IEC 17025 when there maybe a need for information on criteria for evaluation of testinglaboratories.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to

9、establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagent

10、s, and Safety Consid-erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials by SpectrophotometryE322 Test Method for Analysis of Low-Alloy Steels andCast Irons by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray FluorescenceSpectrometryE350 Tes

11、t Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel,Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, andWrought IronE352 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Tool Steels andOther Similar Medium- and High-Alloy SteelsE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and

12、 Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys1These test methods, practices, and terminology are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and R

13、elated Alloys and are thedirect responsibility of Subcommittee A01.13 on Mechanical and Chemical Testingand Processing Methods of Steel Products and Processes.Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as A751 11.

14、DOI:10.1520/A0751-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at

15、 the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E415 Test Method for Atomic Emission Vacuum Spectro-metric Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy SteelE548 Guide for General Criteria Used for Evaluating Labo-ratory

16、Competence (Withdrawn 2002)3E572 Test Method for Analysis of Stainless and Alloy Steelsby Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom-etryE743 Guide for Spectrochemical Laboratory Quality Assur-ance (Withdrawn 1998)3E851 Practice for Evaluation of Spectrochemical Laborato-ries (Withdrawn 1998)

17、3E882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in theChemical Analysis LaboratoryE1019 Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur,Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Steel, Iron, Nickel, and CobaltAlloys by Various Combustion and Fusion TechniquesE1085 Test Method for Analysis of Low-Alloy Steels byX-

18、Ray Fluorescence SpectrometryE1086 Test Method for Atomic Emission Vacuum Spectro-metric Analysis of Stainless Steel by Point-to-Plane Ex-citation TechniqueE1097 Guide for Determination of Various Elements byDirect Current Plasma Atomic Emission SpectrometryE1184 Practice for Determination of Elemen

19、ts by GraphiteFurnace Atomic Absorption SpectrometryE1282 Guide for Specifying the Chemical Compositions andSelecting Sampling Practices and Quantitative AnalysisMethods for Metals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE1329 Practice for Verification and Use of Control Charts inSpectrochemical AnalysisE1806 P

20、ractice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determina-tion of Chemical Composition2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competenceof Testing and Calibration Laboratories3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Pertaining to Analyses:3.1.1.1 cast or heat (formerly ladle) analysisapplie

21、s tochemical analyses representative of a heat of steel as reportedto the purchaser and determined by analyzing a test sample,preferably obtained during the pouring of the steel, for theelements designated in a specification.3.1.1.2 product, check or verification analysisa chemicalanalysis of the se

22、mifinished or finished product, usually for thepurpose of determining conformance to the specification re-quirements. The range of the specified composition applicableto product analysis is normally greater than that applicable toheat analysis in order to take into account deviations associatedwith

23、analytical reproducibility (Note 1) and the heterogeneityof the steel.NOTE 1All of the chemical analysis procedures referenced in thisdocument include precision statements with reproducibility data with theexception of Test Methods E50.3.1.1.3 product analysis tolerances (Note 2)a permissiblevariati

24、on over the maximum limit or under the minimum limitof a specified element and applicable only to product analyses,not cast or heat analyses.NOTE 2The term “analysis tolerance” is often misunderstood. It doesnot apply to cast or heat analyses determined to show conformance tospecified chemical limit

25、s. It applies only to product analysis and becomesmeaningful only when the heat analysis of an element falls close to one ofthe specified limits. For example, stainless steel UNS 30400 limits forchromium are 18.00 to 20.00 %. A heat that the producer reported as18.01 % chromium may be found to show

26、17.80 % chromium by a userperforming a product analysis. If the product analysis tolerance for such achromium level is 0.20 %, the product analysis of 17.80 % chromiumwould be acceptable. A product analysis of 17.79 % would not beacceptable.3.1.1.4 proprietary analytical methoda non-standard ana-lyt

27、ical method, not published by ASTM, utilizing referencestandards traceable to the National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST) (when available) or other sources refer-enced in Section 10.3.1.1.5 referee analysisperformed using ASTM methodslisted in 9.1.1 and NIST reference standards or metho

28、ds andreference standards agreed upon between parties. The selectionof a laboratory to perform the referee analysis shall be a matterof agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.3.1.1.6 certified reference materiala specimen of materialspecially prepared, analyzed, and certified for chemical

29、contentunder the jurisdiction of a recognized standardizing agency orgroup, such as the National Institute of Standards andTechnology, for use by analytical laboratories as an accuratebasis for comparison. Reference samples should bear sufficientresemblance to the material to be analyzed so that no

30、signifi-cant differences are required in procedures or corrections (forexample, for interferences or inter-element effects).3.1.1.7 working reference materialsreference materialsused for routine analytical control and traceable to NISTstandards and other recognized standards when appropriatestandard

31、s are available.3.1.2 Pertaining to Elements:3.1.2.1 intentionally added unspecified elementan elementadded in controlled amounts at the option of the producer toobtain desirable characteristics.3.1.2.2 residual elementa specified or unspecifiedelement, not intentionally added, originating in raw ma

32、terials,refractories, or air.3.1.2.3 specified elementan element controlled to a speci-fied range, maximum or minimum, in accordance with therequirements of the product specification.3.1.2.4 trace elementa residual element that may occur invery low concentrations, generally less than 0.01 %.4. Conce

33、rning the Specification of Chemical CompositionRequirements4.1 It is recommended that Guide E1282 be consulted as aguide for specifying the chemical compositions for steels.4.2 The recommended practice for specifying chemicalcomposition limits is to limit the number of significant figures3The last a

34、pproved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.A751 142for each element so that the number of figures to the right of thedecimal point conforms to

35、the following:ChemicalConcentrationMaximum Number of Figures tothe Right of the Decimal PointUp to 0.010 %, incl. 0.XXXX or may be expressed as ppmOver 0.010 % to0.10 %, incl. 0.XXXOver 0.10 % to 3.0 %,incl. 0.XXOver 3.0 % 0.X4.3 For those cases in which the composition range spanseither 0.10 % or 3

36、.0 %, the number of figures to the right of thedecimal is to be determined by that indicated by the upperlimit.4.4 Technical considerations may dictate the employment ofless than the number of figures to the right of the decimal aspreviously recommended.NOTE 3The recommendations should be employed t

37、o reduce thenumber of significant figures, such as from 18.00 % to 18.0 %, but asignificant figure should never be added unless there is a technical reasonfor so doing.5. Cast or Heat Analysis5.1 The producer shall perform analyses for those elementsspecified in the material specification. The resul

38、ts of suchanalyses shall conform to the requirements specified in thematerial specification.5.1.1 For multiple heats, either individual heat or castanalysis or an average heat or cast analysis shall be reported. Ifsignificant variations in heat or cast size are involved, aweighted average heat or ca

39、st analysis, based on the relativequantity of metal in each heat or cast, shall be reported.5.1.2 For consumable electrode remelted material, a heat isdefined as all the ingots remelted by the same process from aprimary heat. The heat analysis shall be obtained from oneremelted ingot, or the product

40、 of one remelted ingot, from eachprimary melt. If this heat analysis does not meet the heatanalysis requirements of the specification, one sample from theproduct of each remelted ingot shall be analyzed, and theanalyses shall meet the heat analysis requirements.5.2 If the test samples taken for the

41、heat analysis are lost,inadequate, or not representative of the heat, a product analysisof the semifinished or finished product may be used to establishthe heat analysis.5.2.1 If a product analysis is made to establish the heatanalysis, the product analysis shall meet the specified limits forheat an

42、alysis and the product analysis tolerances described inSection 6 do not apply.6. Product Analysis Requirements6.1 For product analysis, the range of the specified chemicalcomposition is normally greater (designated product analysistolerances) than that applicable to heat analyses to take intoaccount

43、 deviations associated with analytical reproducibilityand the heterogeneity of the steel. If several determinations ofany element in the heat are made, they may not vary bothabove and below the specified range.6.2 Product analysis tolerances may not be used to deter-mine conformance to the specified

44、 heat or cast analysis unlesspermitted by the individual material specification.6.3 Product analysis tolerances, where available, are givenin the individual material specifications or in the generalrequirement specifications.7. Unspecified Elements (Note 4)7.1 Reporting analyses of unspecified eleme

45、nts is permitted.NOTE 4All commercial metals contain small amounts of variouselements in addition to those which are specified. It is neither practical nornecessary to specify limits for every unspecified element that might bepresent, despite the fact that the presence of many of these elements isof

46、ten routinely determined by the producer.7.2 Analysis limits shall be established for specific elementsrather than groups of elements such as “all others,” “rareearths,” and “balance.”8. Sampling8.1 Cast or Heat Analyses:8.1.1 Samples shall be taken, insofar as possible, during thecasting of a heat,

47、 at a time which, in the producers judgment,best represents the composition of the cast.8.1.2 In case the heat analysis samples or analyses are lostor inadequate, or when it is evident that the sample does nottruly represent the heat, representative samples may be takenfrom the semifinished or finis

48、hed product, in which case suchsamples may be analyzed to satisfy the specified requirements.The analysis shall meet the specified limits for heat analysis.8.2 Check, Product, or Verification AnalysesUnless other-wise specified, the latest revision of Practice E1806 shall beused as a guide for sampl

49、ing.9. Test Methods9.1 This section lists some test methods that have beenfound acceptable for chemical analysis of steels.9.1.1 The following ASTM wet chemical test methods havebeen found acceptable as referee test methods and as a base forstandardizing instrumental analysis techniques:TestMethods General DescriptionE350 the basic wet chemical procedure for steelsE352 wet chemical procedure for tool steelsE353 wet chemical procedure for stainless steelsE354 wet chemical procedure for high nickel steelsE1019 determination of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen