【考研类试卷】基因工程概论、群体与进化遗传分析(二)及答案解析.doc

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1、基因工程概论、群体与进化遗传分析(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)With the spread of inter-active electronic media a man alone in his own home will never have been so well placed to fill the inexplicable mental space between cradle and crematorium. So I suspect that books will be pus

2、hed more and more into those moments of travel or difficult defecation (1) people still dont quite know what to do with.When people do read, I think theyll want to feel they are reading literature, or (2) something serious. (3) youre going to find fewer books presenting themselves as no- nonsense an

3、d (4) assuming literary pretensions and being packaged as works of art. We can expect an extraordinary variety of genre, but with an underlying (5) of sentiment and vision.Translators can only (6) from this desire for the presumably sophisticated. We can look forward to lots of difficult names and f

4、antastic stories of foreign parts enthusiastically (7) by the overall worship of the “global village“ Much of this will be awful and some wonderful, (8) dont expect the press or the organizers of prizes to offer you much help in making the appropriate distinctions. They will be chiefly (9) in creati

5、ng celebrity, the greatest enemy of discrimination, but a good prop for the (10) consumer.Every ethnic grouping over the world will have to be seen to have a great writer-a phenomenon that will (11) a new kind of provincialism, more chronological than geographic, (12) only the strictly contemporary

6、is talked about and (13) . Universities, including Cambridge, will include (14) their literature syllabus novels written only last year. (15) occasional exhumation for the Nobel, the achievements of ten or only five years ago will be largely forgotten.In short, you cant go too far wrong when predict

7、ing more of the same. But there is a (16) side to this-the inevitable reaction against it. The practical things I would like to see happen-publishers seeking less to (17) celebrity through extravagant advertising, (18) and magazines (19) space to reflective pieces-are rather more improbable than the

8、 Second Coming (耶稣复临). But dullness never quite darkens the whole planet. In their own idiosyncratic fashion a few writers will (20) be looking for new departures.（分数：10.00）(1).A when B that C which D where（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A in particular B in general C at least D by contrast（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3)

9、.A So B Yet C Once D Since（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A fewer B more C less D much（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A variety B mechanism C monotone D conformity（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A benefit B derive C differ D deviate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A contaminated B contained C sustained D maintained（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A but B

10、so C for D as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A dedicated B concerned C engaged D preoccupied（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A devoted B confused C sensible D isolated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A lead to B point to C come to D turn to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A which B where C when D what（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A admired B admitted

11、 C abdicated D adhered（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A at B in C on D for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A Given B Considering C Barring D Concerning（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A negative B positive C paradoxical D controversial（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A prevent B explore C prohibit D generate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A newspapers

12、 B books C media D periodicals（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A gives B giving C to give D give（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A always B never C seldom D hardly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children,

13、but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and his company did away with all that and parents have been bewildered ever since. The childs happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, but what about the parents happin

14、ess? Parents suffer continually from fear and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apart. A good “old-fashioned“ spanking is out of the question: no modern child-rearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep

15、 psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving their children complexes which a hundred years ago hadnt even been heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But

16、the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents confidence in their own authority. And it hasnt taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on child-care, there are countl

17、ess articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited advice flying about, mum and dad just dont know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents lives are regulated according to the needs of their offspring. When

18、 the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun.

19、 What else can the poor parents do but obey?Children are hardy creatures (far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of j

20、uvenile delinquency in our own age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johnny can look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school, so little Johnny roams the streets. The dividing-line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine indeed.The psy

21、chologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something po

22、sitive to react against. Perhaps theres some truth in the idea that children who have had a surfeit of happiness in .their childhood appear like stodgy puddings and fail .to make a success of life.（分数：10.00）(1).What is implied in the first sentence?A There is no defense for Victorian attitude.B Freu

23、d advice leaves children running wild.C Parents cannot be too strict with their children.D Child-care books prove outdated and harmful.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author asserts that in the face of excessive amounts of child-care literature, parents areA at a loss.B on the alert.C under fire.D in the d

24、ark.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does the author wants to illustrate with Johnny roaming the streets?A An instance of arbitrariness.B A consequence of permissiveness.C A prototype of classics.D An example of irresponsibility.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that

25、children who enjoy all-important happiness willA stay away from the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness.B fall victim to deep psychological wounds they experience at childhood.C give full play to the development of the vigorous views of their own.D grow up to be more psychologically immature

26、 and irresponsible adults.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It seems that the author is most critical ofA social educators authority.B children rebellion.C psychologists misguidance.D parents confusion.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Galloway, a mostly middle-class community northwest of Atlantic City,

27、is part of a wave of districts across the nation trying to remake homework amid concerns that high-stakes testing and competition for college have fueled a nightly grind that is stressing out children and depriving them of play and rest, yet doing little to raise achievement, particularly in element

28、ary grades.Such efforts have drawn criticism from some teachers and some parents who counter that students must study more, not less, if they are to succeed. Even so, the anti-homework movement has been reignited in recent months by the documentary Race to Nowhere, about burned-out students caught i

29、n a pressure-cooker educational system. “There is simply no proof that most homework as we know it improves school performance,“ said Vicki Abeles, the filmmaker and a mother of three from California. “And by expecting kids to work a second shift in what should be their downtime, the presence of sch

30、oolwork at home is negatively affecting the health of our young people and the quality of family time. “So teachers at Mango Elementary School in Fontana, Calif., are replacing homework with “goal work“ that is specific to individual students needs and that can be completed in class or at home at hi

31、s or her own pace. The Brooklyn School of Inquiry, a gifted and talented program, has made homework optional. “I think people confuse homework with rigor,“ said Donna Taylor, the Brooklyn Schools principal, who views homework for children under 11 as primarily benefiting parents by helping them feel

32、 connected to the classroom.Research has long suggested that homework in small doses can reinforce basic skills and help young children develop study habits, but that there are diminishing returns. Still, efforts to roll back homework have been opposed by those who counter that there is not enough t

33、ime in the school day to cover required topics and that homework reinforces classroom learning. In Coronado, Calif. , the school board rejected a proposal by the superintendent to eliminate homework on weekends and holidays after some parents said that was when they had time to help their children a

34、nd others worried it would result in more homework on weeknights.Homework wars have divided communities for over a century. In the 1950s, the Sputnik launching ushered in heavier workloads for American students in the race to keep up with the Soviet Union. The 1983 report “A Nation at Risk“ and, mor

35、e recently, the testing pressures of the No Child Left Behind law, also resulted in more homework for children at younger ages. A few public and private schools have renounced homework in recent years, but most have sought a middle ground. In Galloway, the policy would stipulate that homework cover

36、only topics already addressed in class. Dr. Giaquinto, Galloways superintendent, said the goal of the proposed policy was to make homework “meaningful and manageable,“ noting that teachers would have to coordinate assignments so that a students total homework would not exceed the time limit.（分数：10.0

37、0）(1).From the first paragraph we learn thatA most schools disapprove of testing and competition for college.B homework can be done most efficiently by school students at night.C Galloway has come up with an innovative way of raising achievement.D Galloways effort to reduce the amount of homework ha

38、s caused a stir.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Criticisms of homework are mainly based on the premise thatA burnt-out students are negatively affected by heavy schoolwork at home.B homework in the form of reading documents contributes little to success.C more homework does not necessarily mean higher achievem

39、ent.D homework exerts an unbearable pressure on school students.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The school board in Coronado believes thatA reduction in homework does harm to students acquisition of basic skills.B students should have enough time in school day to study the required topics.C eliminating homewor

40、k actually benefits nobody other than parents.D parents feel connected to school when their children do schoolwork at home.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Increased homework had resulted fromA parents expectation of their children to achieve more.B Americas effort to keep its competitiveness.C school principal

41、s attempt to keep their school ahead.D school teachers attempt to keep their curricula intensive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following hasnt joined the anti-homework endeavor?A Galloway school district.B Mango Elementary School.C Brooklyn School of Inquiry.D The school board in Coronado.（分数：2.

42、00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Prince Klemens Von Metternich, foreign minister of the Austrian Empire during the Napoleonic era and its aftermath, would have no trouble recognizing Google. To him, the worlds most popular web-search engine would closely resemble the Napoleonic France that in his

43、youth humiliated Austria and Europes other powers. Its rivalsYahoo!, the largest of the traditional web gateways, eBay, the biggest online auction and trading site, and Microsoft, a software empire that owns MSN, a struggling web portalwould look a lot like Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Metternich r

44、esponded by forging an alliance among those three monarchies to create a “balance of power“ against France. Googles enemies, he might say, ought now to do the same thing.Google announced two new conquests on August 7th. It struck a deal with Viacom, an “old“ media firm, under which it will syndicate

45、 video clips from Viacom brands such as MTV and Nickelodeon to other websites, and integrate advertisements into them. This makes Google the clear leader in the fledgling but promising market for web-video advertising. It also announced a deal with News Corporation, another media giant, under which

46、it will pro-vide all the search and text-advertising technology on News Corporations websites, including My Space, an enormously popular social-networking site.These are hard blows for Yahoo! and MSN, which had also been negotiating with News Corporation. Both firms have been losing market share in

47、web search to Google over the past yearGoogle now has half the market. They have also fallen further behind in their advertising technologies and networks, so that both make less money than Google does from the same number of searches. Safa Rashtchy, an analyst at Piper Jaffray, a securities firm, e

48、stimates that for every advertising dollar that Google makes on a search query, Yahoo! makes only 60-70cents. Last month Yahoo! said that a new advertising algorithm that it had designed to close the gap in profitability will be delayed, and its share price fell by 22% , its biggest-ever one-day dro

49、p.MSN is further behind Google than Yahoo! in search, and its parent, Microsoft, faces an even more fundamental threat from the expansionist new power. Many of Googles new ventures beyond web search enable users to do things free of charge through their web browsers that they now do using Microsoft software on t