【考研类试卷】基因工程概论、群体与进化遗传分析(一)及答案解析.doc

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1、基因工程概论、群体与进化遗传分析(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Optimism is the art of always seeing the glass half full (1) half empty, finding something positive in even the most (2) of situations and last but not least the ability to expect the best even if the chances are (3) .

2、 It enables you to try new things, deal with failure as a learning experience (4) a stopping point. In general optimism gives you a reason to live. The world would be a better place if it was full of optimism, (5) unfortunately the trend in todays youth is (6) the opposite way. Today it is (7) to be

3、 pessimistic. One could spend hours discussing how we arrived at this point, (8) our youth refuses to smell the roses and instead prefers to (9) themselves on their own pessimistic (10) .Optimism is not an (11) gift but rather a learned behavior (12) . Like most behaviors optimism is best learned by

4、 watching examples, (13) you. The first step in creating a generation of people with a positive outlook on life, is to (14) life on the bright side yourself. (15) it would be wrong to (16) your child from all negativity, it is important that you are not the (17) of doubts and worries. Finding someth

5、ing positive in a negative situation needs to be (18) Show how to make the best of things by always (19) the positive, by encouraging your child after a(n) (20) and by explaining over and over that failure is just a part of progress.（分数：10.00）(1).A apart from B opposite to C contrary to D instead of

6、（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A dreadful B compulsory C alarming D sophisticated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A exotic B temporary C dim D few（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A via B versus C over D beyond（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A however B though C whereas D but（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A heading B preceding C choosing D traveling（分数：0

7、.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A sensible B faulty C cool D appreciated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A how B when C where D as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A celebrate B choke C linger D repress（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A motives B faiths C values D outlooks（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A conventional B permanent C innate D inherited（分数：0.50）A

8、.B.C.D.(12).A pattern B format C capacity D mold（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A primarily B frequently C namely D normally（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A drill B implement C exercise D apply（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A As B Since C While D Unless（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A shelter B free C isolate D nurture（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.

9、(17).A origin B source C foundation D cause（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A accomplished B trained C experienced D practiced（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A focusing on B adhering to C turning to D pointing out（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A obstruction B impediment C disappointment D hindrance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Read

10、ing Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Rarely do major diseases have a single cause. They are usually the result of a complex interaction between many factors, including genetic, environmental and lifestyle components. Many media reports, however, can tead us to believe

11、that if we gave up something that we might otherwise enjoy, we could completely escape that particular affliction. Clearly, this is not the case. Vegetarians die of cancer of the colon (结肠). Teetotallers die of liver complaints, including cirrhosis (硬化). People who never go out in the sun contract s

12、kin melanomas (黑素瘤). Always, there are other factors at work than the single element being examined in a scientific study. Quite often the alleged benefits of a particular nutritional element are the result not so much of the element itself but of the lifestyle and general diet of the people who con

13、sume it most. People who eat lots of “healthy“ foods, including fiber, carrots, broccoli etc. , also tend to drink less alcohol, take more exercise, avoid too many fatty foods and smoke less. Only when a study can rule out all of these other factors and often we do not know what these factors might

14、be can we say that there is a causal link between two things. That is not to say that things like fiber and broccoli have no beneficial effects at all. But those with sedentary lifestyles cannot expect these foods to make them healthy. There is, however, one thing which increases the likelihood of d

15、ying relatively young, even when all of the other factors have been taken into account. It is one of the biggest killers even among those who lead lifestyles which, by any criteria, are clearly healthy ones. This single, incontrovertible risk factor is that of being poor. Recent report from the Canc

16、er Research Campaign suggested that 12 700 deaths could have been avoided between 1986 and 1990 if inequalities in cancer care did not exist in England and Wales. Comparing cancer survival rates, the study found that England and Wales fared unfavorably with Europe and the US, but the most affluent r

17、egions of these two countries exhibited similar figures to the European average. In an attempt to counter this disparity the government has announced plans for the provision of Health Action Zones which seek to encourage greater cooperation between health and social services, targeting both rural an

18、d inner city areas. The emphasis of this new scheme however appears to focus on inadequacies within health education in these areas, rather than attacking the broader issues of social inequality.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, what are we likely to read in many media reports? A A par

19、ticular disease is associated with a single cause. B We should enjoy as many things as possible. C We can never understand how different factors interact to cause a disease. D A disease is caused more by genes than by lifestyles.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The fact that a vegetarian can die of colon cancer

20、 indicates that _. A the colon is sensitive to vegetables B people should eat different kinds of vegetables rather than one C colon cancer is not tied to a particular food D colon cancer is caused by a single unknown cause（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the author, fiber and broccoli are the so-ca

21、lled “healthy“ foods because _. A they are only part of a general diet and lifestyle that contribute to good health B the benefits of these foods are still unknown C the foods do not benefit people with sedentary lifestyles D people who eat these foods tend to adopt unhealthy lifestyles（分数：2.00）A.B.

22、C.D.(4).Cancer survival rates found in the study were lower in Wales than in the US because _. A people in Wales eat more unhealthy food than people in the US B people in Wales are poorer than people in the US C people in Wales are richer than people in the US D cancers in Wales are caused by more c

23、omplex factors than those in the US（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the author, to reduce cancer deaths in England and Wales, the government should _. A sponsor more cancer research B run health education programs in rural and inner city areas C attack the issues of social inequality D advise its p

24、eople to obtain medical insurance（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The term “nationalism“ is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1)the members of a nation care about their national identity and(2) that the members of a nation seek to achieve (or sustain) self-determination.It is tradit

25、ional, therefore, to distinguish nations from stateswhereas a nation often consists of an ethnic or cultural community, a state is a political entity with a high degree of sovereignty. While many states are nations in some sense, there are many nations which are not fully sovereign states. As an exa

26、mple, the Native American Iroquois constitute a nation but not a state, since they do not possess the requisite political authority over their internal or external affairs. If the members of the Iroquois nation were to strive to form a sovereign state in the effort to preserve their identity as a pe

27、ople, they would be exhibiting a statefocused nationalism.Nationalism has long been ignored as a topic in political philosophy, written off as a relic from bygone times. It has only recently come into the focus of philosophical debate. The surge of nationalism usually presents a morally ambivalent a

28、nd for this reason often fascinating picture. “National awakenings“ and struggles for political independence are often both heroic and inhumanly cruel; the formation of a recognizably national state often responds to deep popular sentiment, but can and does sometimes bring in its wake inhuman conseq

29、uences, including violent expulsion and “cleansing“ of non-nationals, all the way to organized mass murder. The moral debate on nationalism reflects a deep moral tension between solidarity with oppressed national groups on the one hand and repulsion in the face of crimes perpetrated in the name of n

30、ationalism on the other.Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However,

31、 such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be classified by other criteria, such as scale and location.Nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in the superiority of one ra

32、ce over others, but in practice, many nationalists support racial protectionism or racial supremacy. Such racism is typically based upon preference or superiority of the indigenous race of the nation.（分数：10.00）(1).The two phenomena mentioned in paragraph 1 can be summarized as _.A the peace and the

33、violenceB the internal and the externalC the attitude and the actionsD the powerless and the sovereignty（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The example of Native American Iroquois is used in paragraph 2 to _.A show the differences between nations and statesB discuss the differences between internal and external af

34、fairsC indicate their strive to form a stateD present their identity as a people（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “ambivalent“ ( Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means _.A attractive for its unique featuresB characterized by a mixture of opposite feelings or attitudesC having a strong desire for succe

35、ss or achievementD requiring full use of your abilities or resources（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Paragraph 4 talks about the issue of nationalism from the perspective of _.A types B definitionsC combinations D criteria（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Nationalism will become racism when it is combined with _.A political

36、 practice B race superiorityC race identity D sovereignty（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)To be a good friend, you have to give of yourself, nonetheless not so much that you lose yourself. This is a pretty predictable recipe for happiness. Giving to othersa reliable way of fostering friendsh

37、ipsmakes us happier than taking things for ourselves. In the light of research led by Dr. Elizabeth Dunn at the University of British Columbia, money can purchase happiness.on the prerequisite that you utilize it on other people.Researchers administered three studies consecutively. First, they surve

38、yed more than 600 Americans and found that spending money on gifts and charities led to greater happiness than spending money on oneself.Subsequently they probed into workers who had just received bonuses and observed that their happiness did not hinge on the size of their bonus but on the decision

39、they made about what to do with whatever amount of money they received. Those who spent more of their bonus on others were happier than those who spent the money on themselves.Finally, the researchers simply distributed money to a good many subjects, instructing some to spend the money on themselves

40、 and others to spend the money on others. At the end of the day, the ones who spent money on others were a good deal happier.As a consequence, having friends and treating them generously is clearly a winning strategy in life. But what about in business?If you watch even a single episode of any reali

41、ty TV show based on a competition, such as The Apprentice, youll hear a single phrase crop up more often than any other: “Im not here to make friends!“ Is that true? Are we better off being cutthroat than collaborative?Once youre on the job, having a best friend at work is a strong predictor of ensu

42、ing success. People might define “best“ loosely (think of this as kindergarten where you can have more than one “best“ friend), but according to a Gallup Organization study of more than 5 million workers over 35, 56% of the people who say they have a best friend at work are engaged, productive, and

43、successful while only 8% of the ones who dont are.Another remarkable study, spanning decades, revealed that friendships in high school were an effective predictor of increased wages in adulthoodto the tune of 2% per person who considered you a close friend. To put it otherwise, if in high school thr

44、ee people regarded you as one of their closest same-sex friends, your earnings in adulthood work would be 6% higher.The happy truth is that the competitors who say theyre not here to make friends dont win eventually. Thats true for reality TV, for business, and for life as well.（分数：10.00）(1).Accordi

45、ng to Dr. Elizabeth Dunns research, _.A youll gain friendship if you are ready to sacrificeB giving of yourself can secure you much happinessC money can make you happy if employed in a proper wayD accepting things from others may not make us happy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is true o

46、f the three consecutive studies?A Money doesnt matter when it comes to cultivating friendship.B The size of ones bonus makes no difference to the one concerned.C Giving money to strangers can bring us happiness.D Money spent on others can bring us much happiness.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The author quote

47、s the example of the TV show to show that_.A it is not possible to find friends during a competitionB it is improper to talk about friendship on TVC friendship is of much importance even in businessD there is no chance for competitors to cooperate during TV shows（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the

48、 Gallup Organization study, _.A its enough for one to just have a best friendB friendship helps even in the workplaceC people are not critical about friends at workD friends are more helpful at work than at school（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the passage, it would be better for high-school students to_.A make more close friendsB learn to give of themselvesC work more often in collaboration with other studentsD have a plan to gain a high paid job after graduation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)We assumed ethics ne