ITU-T L 1504-2016 ICT and adaptation of agriculture to the effects of climate change (Study Group 5).pdf

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1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T L.1504 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (12/2016) SERIES L: ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE

2、PLANT ICT and adaptation of agriculture to the effects of climate change Recommendation ITU-T L.1504 ITU-T L-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENT AND ICTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, E-WASTE, ENERGY EFFICIENCY; CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF OUTSIDE PLANT OPTICAL FIBRE

3、CABLES Cable structure and characteristics L.100L.124 Cable evaluation L.125L.149 Guidance and installation technique L.150L.199 OPTICAL INFRASTRUCTURES Infrastructure including node element (except cables) L.200L.249 General aspects and network design L.250L.299 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION Optical fi

4、bre cable maintenance L.300L.329 Infrastructure maintenance L.330L.349 Operation support and infrastructure management L.350L.379 Disaster management L.380L.399 PASSIVE OPTICAL DEVICES L.400L.429 MARINIZED TERRESTRIAL CABLES L.430L.449 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommend

5、ations. Rec. ITU-T L.1504 (12/2016) i Recommendation ITU-T L.1504 ICT and adaptation of agriculture to the effects of climate change Summary Recommendation ITU-T L.1504 provides a description of how the use of information and communication technology (ICT) can help sustain the agricultural sector in

6、 the event of poor yields or disasters triggered by climate change. The possible impacts of climate change on agriculture and farming communities are described. This is followed by an outline of what measures are needed to adapt the sector and how ICT can play a role in this. The Appendices share so

7、me examples of best practices in different countries with details of specific ICT implementations. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T L.1504 2016-12-14 5 11.1002/1000/13149 Keywords Agriculture, adaptation, climate change, information and communication technolog

8、ies (ICTs), food security, smart agriculture. * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii Rec. ITU-T L.1504 (12/2016) FOREWORD The I

9、nternational Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical

10、, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in t

11、urn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NO

12、TE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure,

13、 e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does no

14、t suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the

15、 evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, wh

16、ich may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication

17、may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-T L.1504 (12/2016) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Recommendation . 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 Con

18、ventions 4 6 Motivation and impacts of climate change on the agriculture sector . 4 6.1 Motivation for climate change adaptation 4 6.2 Impacts of climate change on the agriculture sector 6 7 Climate change adaptation measures for the agriculture sector . 7 7.1 Need for adaptive crop treatment . 7 7.

19、2 Need for management of resources 8 7.3 Need for risk protection / mitigation mechanisms . 9 8 The ecosystem of the agriculture sector to be involved in adaptation 9 9 Trends in ICT which are relevant to the agriculture sector 10 10 ICT components which are relevant to the agriculture sector 10 11

20、How ICT can help sustain the agricultural sector . 10 11.1 ICT to monitor site conditions including land use planning 10 11.2 ICT to promote knowledge sharing and improve management . 11 11.3 ICT use in agricultural expert systems . 11 11.4 ICT to distribute climate-smart agricultural information to

21、/from farmers . 11 11.5 Computer modelling and agricultural forecasting 11 11.6 ICT for risk management 12 11.7 ICT for automatic control of greenhouses 12 Appendix I Remote sensing application applied to agriculture in Africa . 13 Appendix II NeGP-A initiatives for geo-spatial visualisation, analys

22、is and decision making services in India . 15 Appendix III ICT in agriculture sector adaptation to climate change India 17 III.1 Introduction 17 III.2 NICRA 18 III.3 Best practice in R strengthening of statistical computing for the national agricultural research system in India 19 Appendix IV Adapti

23、ng cultivation methods to changing climate conditions in Japan . 20 IV.1 Tea use case 20 Appendix V Agricultural expert system in Egypt . 22 V.1 Agriculture expert system Best practices, Egypt . 22 iv Rec. ITU-T L.1504 (12/2016) Page V.2 Expert systems implemented at CLAES 22 V.3 Early warning syste

24、m for epidemic crop diseases 27 Appendix VI Computer modelling of weather data and agricultural forecasting . 28 VI.1 Computer modelling . 28 VI.2 Crop modelling . 28 Appendix VII The central agricultural portal, information services and networks in India 30 VII.1 NeGP-AMMP . 30 VII.2 The central ag

25、ricultural portal (CAP) Enhancing collaborative efforts using ICT and multimedia 31 VII.3 Farmers portal 31 VII.4 Development of ICT based networks/ infrastructure for agriculture sector . 32 VII.5 Mobile phone text and voice based services 33 VII.6 Kisan (Farmer) call centre (KCC) 33 Appendix VIII

26、ICT based risk management applications in India . 34 VIII.1 Forecasting . 34 VIII.2 Fertilizer quality control application 34 VIII.3 Testing and tracking applications . 34 VIII.4 Practices for enabling real time pest management solutions 34 Appendix IX Automatic optimization of environmental conditi

27、ons in greenhouses - Japan . 36 Bibliography. 38 Rec. ITU-T L.1504 (12/2016) v Introduction It is likely that the biggest impacts of climate change will be on the agricultural sector and food security over the next few decades b-Brown and Funk. Indeed, climate change is leading to more extreme weath

28、er events being experienced globally. These pose an especially great danger to the livelihoods of farming communities and can lead to starvation and migration of populations. The purpose of this Recommendation is to: Offer useful information to decision makers concerning areas of possible adaptive a

29、ction using information and communication technologies (ICTs) in both developing and developed countries. This Recommendation also aims to explore the role of ICT in the overall food security chain encompassing: monitoring, research, planning, production, storage, transportation and distribution. De

30、scribe state-of-the-art ICT applications and systems, in addition to hybrid systems where traditional means of dealing with climate change adaptation effects are used hand-in-hand with new technologies in order to reach large and small-scale farmers and others speedily and with minimum cost. Provide

31、 examples of success stories of ICT usage in agricultural sector adaptation to the effects of climate change with the intention of making others aware and encourage their possible adoption. Facilitate understanding of the role of ICT in the agricultural sector for adaptation to climate change, pavin

32、g the way for the adoption of ICTs to climate-smart agriculture in particular achieving increased productivity and enhanced resilience of small-scale farmers to the effects of climate change. Rec. ITU-T L.1504 (12/2016) 1 Recommendation ITU-T L.1504 ICT and adaptation of agriculture to the effects o

33、f climate change 1 Scope This Recommendation includes a review of the effects of climate change on agriculture and agricultural communities. It recognizes the need for adaptation and the use and dissemination of relevant innovative techniques. It explores adaptation plans and the potential of ICT in

34、 supporting the adaptation of the agricultural sector to cope with the effects of climate change with reference to ITU-T L.1500: Framework for information and communication technologies and adaptation to the effects of climate change, and ITU-T L.1501: Best practices on how countries can utilize ICT

35、s to adapt to the effects of climate change. Examples are given from different countries of best practices on the use of ICT systems and tools to adapt the agricultural sector. 2 References The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through reference in this t

36、ext, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition

37、 of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation. ITU-T L.1400 Recommendation ITU-T

38、 L.1400 (2011), Overview and general principles of methodologies for assessing the environmental impact of information and communication technologies. ITU-T L.1410 Recommendation ITU-T L.1410 (2014), Methodology for environmental life cycle assessments of information and communication technology goo

39、ds, networks and services. ITU-T L.1500 Recommendation ITU-T L.1500 (2014), Framework for information and communication technologies and adaptation to the effects of climate change. ITU-T L.1501 Recommendation ITU-T L.1501 (2014), Best practices on how countries can utilize ICTs to adapt to the effe

40、cts of climate change. 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Recommendation uses the following terms defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 climate change ITU-T L.1500: Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. The Inter

41、governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) uses a relatively broad definition, referring to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typicall

42、y decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forces, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. The IPCC makes a distinction between climate change that is directly attributable to human activities, and clim

43、ate variability that is attributable to natural causes. For the purposes of this report, either definition may be suitable depending on the context of analysis. 2 Rec. ITU-T L.1504 (12/2016) 3.1.2 climate change adaptation ITU-T L.1500: Adaptation to climate change can be defined as the adjustment i

44、n ecological, social or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects. It refers to changes in processes, practices and structures to moderate potential harm or benefit from opportunities associated with climate change. 3.1.3 food security b-WFS: Food security

45、 exists when all people, at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. 3.1.4 agricultural sector b-ILO, 1999: The science, art, and business of cultivating soil, producing cro

46、ps, and raising livestock also referred to as farming. 3.1.5 climate-smart agriculture (CSA) b-FAO, 2014: CSA is an approach to developing the technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development for food security under climate change. 3.1.6 small-scale farmers

47、 b-FAO, 2012: Pastoralists, forest keepers and fishermen who manage areas varying from less than one hectare to 10 hectares. Smallholders are characterized by family-focused motives such as favouring the stability of the farm household system, using mainly family labour for production and using part

48、 of the produce for family consumption. 3.1.7 vulnerability to climate change b-IPCC: The degree of susceptibility to harm, damage or loss as a result of climate change impacts or events. 3.1.8 climate change resilience b-ECA, 2009: Having the ability to plan for, survive, recover from and even thri

49、ve in changing climatic conditions. 3.1.9 climate variability b-WMO: Climate variability, is defined by the world meteorological organization as “variations in the mean state and other statistics of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales, beyond individual weather events“. In simpler terms, variability is the range of climate compared to its average. The fluctuations comprising climate variability can influence patterns of rainfall, temperature and other variables on times