ASTM F1198-1992(2012)e1 Standard Guide for Shipboard Fire Detection Systems《船上火警探测系统的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: F1198 92 (Reapproved 2012)1An American National StandardStandard Guide forShipboard Fire Detection Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEReapproved with editorial changes in October 2012.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection, installation,maintenan

3、ce, and testing of shipboard fire detection systemsother than sprinkler systems.1.2 This guide is intended for use by all persons planning,designing, installing, or using fire alarm systems onboardvessels. As it includes regulatory requirements, this guideaddresses those vessels subject to regulatio

4、ns and ship classi-fication rules. However, the principles stated herein are alsosuitable for unregulated commercial vessels, pleasure craft,military vessels, and similar vessels that are not required tomeet regulations for fire detection and alarm systems.1.3 LimitationsThis guide does not constitu

5、te regulationsor ship classification rules, which must be consulted whenapplicable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, ass

6、ociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Code of Federal Regulations:2Title 46, Part 76.25Title 46, Part 76.30Tit

7、le 46, Part 76.33Title 46, Part 161.0022.2 NFPA Publications:3NFPA 72E Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors2.3 SOLAS Regulations:4SOLAS II-2/13-1SOLAS II-2/123. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accommodation spacethose spaces used for publicspaces, corridors, lavatories, cabins, bunkrooms, stateroom

8、s,offices, hospitals, cinemas, game and hobby rooms, barbershops, pantries containing no cooking appliances, and similarspaces.3.1.2 alarm signalling devicean audible or visual devicesuch as a bell, horn, siren, strobe, flashing, or rotating lightused to warn of a fire condition.3.1.3 annunciatoran

9、audible and visual signalling panelthat indicates and displays the alarm, trouble, and powerconditions of the fire detection system.3.1.4 approvedacceptable to the organization, office, orindividual responsible for accepting equipment, an installation,or a procedure.3.1.5 automated machinery spacea

10、space containing ma-chinery that is automated to allow: (a) periodic unattendedoperation by the crew; and (b) continuous manual supervisionby the crew from a central room (enclosed) or remote location.3.1.6 control panelan electrical panel that monitors andcontrols all of the equipment associated wi

11、th the fire detectionand alarm system.3.1.7 control spacean enclosed space within which islocated a ships radio, main navigating equipment, emergencysource of power, or the centralized fire recording or fire controlequipment, but not including individual pieces of firefightingequipment or firefighti

12、ng apparatus that must be located in thecargo area.3.1.8 hazardous (classified location)locations where fireor explosion hazards may exist due to flammable gases orvapors, flammable or combustible liquids, combustible dust, orignitable fibers or flyings.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM

13、Committee F25 on Ships andMarine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.10 onElectrical.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1189 - 92(2007).DOI: 10.1520/F1198-92R12E01.2Availab

14、le from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from International Maritime Organization, 4 Albert Embankment,London, Englan

15、d SE1 7SR.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.9 listingsequipment or materials included in a listpublished by an organization certified to perform productevaluations. This organization maintains periodic inspectionsof

16、production of the listed equipment or materials. The listingstates either that the equipment or material meets appropriatestandards or has been tested and found suitable for use in aspecified manner.3.1.10 machinery spaces of Category Athose spaces andtrunks to such spaces which contain: (a) interna

17、l combustionmachinery used for main propulsion; or (b) internal combus-tion machinery used for purposes other than main propulsionwhere such machinery has, in the aggregate, a total poweroutput of not less than 500 hp (375 kW); or (c) any oil-firedboiler or oil fuel unit.3.1.11 main vertical zonesth

18、ose sections, the mean lengthof which does not, in general, exceed 131 ft (40 m) on any onedeck, into which the hull, superstructure, and deck houses arerequired to be divided by fire-resisting bulkheads.3.1.12 manually activated fire alarm boxa box containingan electrical switch which, when manuall

19、y operated, sends analarm signal to the control panel (referred to as “ManuallyOperated Call Points” by SOLAS).3.1.13 roll on/roll off cargo spacea space not normallysubdivided in any way and extending to either a substantiallength or the entire length of the ship in which cargo, includingpackaged c

20、argo, in or on rail or road cars, vehicles (includingroad or rail tankers), trailers, containers, pallets, or demount-able tanks (in or on similar stowage units or other receptacles),can be loaded and unloaded normally in a horizontal direction.3.1.14 self restoringthe ability of a device to reset i

21、tselfautomatically after being activated.3.1.15 service spacespaces used for galleys, pantries con-taining cooking appliances, locker rooms, mail rooms, specierooms, store rooms, workshops other than those forming partof the machinery spaces, and similar spaces, as well as trunksto such spaces.3.1.1

22、6 special category spacean enclosed space above orbelow the bulkhead deck intended for the carriage of motorvehicles with fuel in their tanks for their own propulsion, intoand from which such vehicles can be driven and to whichpassengers have access.3.1.17 superviseddescribes an electronic method of

23、 moni-toring the electrical continuity of the circuits and devices of afire detection and alarm system. This is normally accomplishedby constantly passing a small current through the circuits anddevices.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of a shipboard fire detection system is toprovide warning

24、so as to reduce the life safety threat from fireand to minimize the fire threat to the operation of the ship.Given that few ships are identical either in size or layout, itfollows that the fire detection system will have to be customdesigned accordingly. A well-designed system provides areasonable s

25、ubstitute to having crew members on constant firewatch in every protected space where a fire might occur.4.2 The basic function of the fire detection system is toautomatically and reliably indicate a fire condition as quicklyas is practical and to alert responsible individuals of a firesexistence an

26、d location. This system design and applicationguide addresses the individual steps in the layout of the systemand provides an overview of the information needed to designa system.4.3 The U.S. Coast Guard and the International Conventionfor the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations have beenstate

27、d as requirements within this guide. Additional guidelinesto assure complete and effective systems or to incorporate goodindustry practices are stated as recommendations.DESIGN AND APPLICATION5. System Types5.1 Fire detection and alarm systems used on vessels aretypically of the following types:5.1.

28、1 Electrical Automatic Fire Detection and AlarmSystemsthese systems consist of a control panel, varioustypes of fire detectors, manually actuated fire alarm boxes,audible and visual alarms, and appropriate power supplies. Thecontrol panel monitors the fire detection and alarm circuits andgenerates a

29、ppropriate signals when an automatic fire detectoror manual fire alarm box is activated.5.1.2 Manual Fire Alarm Systemsa similar system withoutautomatic fire detectors is referred to as a manual fire alarmsystem but is otherwise identical. Operation is initiated byindividuals who activate a manually

30、 actuated fire alarm boxthat incorporates an electrical switch. This guide is primarilyconcerned with electrically operated automatic and manual firedetection and alarm systems.5.1.3 Pneumatic Fire Detection SystemsThese systemsconsist of a closed length of pneumatic tubing attached to acontrol unit

31、.Air chambers called heat actuated devices (HADs)are often attached to the tubing in the protected area to increasethe volume and thus the sensitivity of the system. As tempera-ture builds up in a fire, the air in the tubing expands, movinga diaphragm in the control unit. A small calibrated ventcomp

32、ensates for normal changes in ambient temperature. Thediaphragm activates a release mechanism or a set of contacts.Because pneumatic fire detection systems are self-contained(that is, independent of outside sources of power), they areoften used to activate small automatic fire extinguishingsystems s

33、uch as are installed in paint lockers and emergencygenerator enclosures. U.S. Coast Guard Requirements forpneumatic fire detection systems may be found in Title 46,Code of Federal Regulations, Part 76.30.5.1.4 Sample Extraction Smoke Detection SystemsThesesystems consist of a piping system connected

34、 to a control unitwith a suction blower. These systems continually draw samplesfrom the protected spaces to the control unit where a lightsource and photocell monitor the sample for smoke. Sampleextraction smoke detection systems are often used in cargoholds because they are less likely than individ

35、ual spot-typesmoke detectors to operate from dust or localized sources ofsmoke such as vehicle exhausts. Also, the more delicateelectronics and control equipment can be located remote fromF1198 92 (2012)12the harsh environment of a cargo hold. These systems are oftencombined with a carbon dioxide ex

36、tinguishing system, usingthe carbon dioxide distribution piping to draw samples fromthe protected areas. Detailed requirements for sample extrac-tion smoke detection systems are contained in proposedSOLAS Regulation II-2/13-1 and in U.S. Coast Guard regula-tions found in Title 46, Code of Federal Re

37、gulations Parts76.33 and 161.002.5.1.5 Automatic sprinkler SystemsSystems that are con-stantly pressurized and connected to a continuous supply ofwater and fitted with a suitable means for automatically givingvisual and audible alarm signals may also be considered to befire (heat) detection and alar

38、m systems. Detailed requirementsare found in SOLAS Regulation II-2/12 and U.S. Coast GuardRegulations, Part 76.25.6. Classification of Fire Detectors6.1 Heat detectors are devices that sense a fixed temperatureor rate of temperature rise. Heat detectors work on one of thethree operating principles o

39、utlined in 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4.6.2 A fixed temperature detector is a device that respondswhen its operating element becomes heated to a predeterminedlevel. Because of the time required to heat the mass of elementto its preset level, there is usually a lag time, referred to as the“thermal lag,” between

40、 the time the surrounding air reaches theoperating temperature and the time the operating elementreaches its preset operating temperature. There are seventemperature classification ranges. In locations where the ceil-ing temperature does not exceed 100F (38C), detectors withan operating range of 135

41、 to 174F (57.2 to 78.9C) should beused. These are termed “ordinary” temperature classifications.Several types of temperature-sensitive operating elements areused, such as:6.2.1 Bimetallic elements, which consist of two metal stripswith different coeffcients of expansion fused together so thatheating

42、 will cause the element to deflect, making electricalcontact.6.2.2 Electrical conductivity elements, which are deviceswhose electrical resistance varies as a function of temperature.6.2.3 Certain automatic heat detectors use fusible alloyelements or liquid expansion elements that operate at a fixedt

43、emperature. These devices are nonrestorable and are prohib-ited by SOLAS.6.3 A rate-of-rise detector is a device that operates when thetemperature rises at a faster than predetermined rate. Sinceoperation does not depend on having reached a fixed tempera-ture level, it responds to a rapid temperatur

44、e rise more quicklythan a fixed temperature detector. However, it does not respondto a slow developing fire regardless of how high the tempera-ture gets. In a typical rate-of-rise detector, heated air in achamber expands to deflect a diaphragm that operates electriccontacts.6.4 A rate of compensatio

45、n detector is a device which,because of differential expansion of several components, re-sponds when the temperature of the air surrounding thedetector reaches a predetermined level, regardless of the rate atwhich the temperature rises. It is designed to avoid the thermallag time that is inherent in

46、 a fixed temperature detector. Thisdevice is also known as a rate anticipation detector.6.5 Combination heat detectors take advantage of more thanone operating principle in a single detector housing. Combi-nation fixed temperature and rate-of-rise detectors are mostcommon.6.6 Smoke detectors are dev

47、ices that detect visible orinvisible products of combustion. They work on severaloperating principles as follows:6.6.1 Ionization smoke detectors have a small radioactivesource that ionizes the air within a chamber, making itconductive so that a small current flows between electrodes.Smoke particles

48、 entering the chamber interfere with the freeflow of ions and reduce the current, activating the detector.6.6.2 Photoelectric smoke detectors use a light source andphotocell to detect the presence of smoke. Several types maybe used on ships:6.6.2.1 In the light obscuration type of detector, smokepar

49、ticles that enter between the light source and the photocellreduce the amount of light reaching the photocell, causing thedetector to activate. Projected linear beam smoke detectors arelight obscuration smoke detectors. The light source and pho-tocell are separately housed, and the light beam is projectedacross the protected area. The alignment between transmitterand receiver is critical for proper operation of this device.Shipboard vibration and flexing may affect proper alignment.6.6.2.2 In a photoelectric light-scattering smoke detector,the componen