ASTM E1732-2018a Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science.pdf

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1、Designation: E1732 18aStandard TerminologyRelating to Forensic Science1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in

2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientificterms that are generally understood or defined ad

3、equately inother readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every fiveyears, and the year of last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstand

4、ards organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM committee; for example,ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.21.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field areidentified with an abb

5、reviation.31.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

6、Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment(Withdrawn 2006)5E1301 Guide for Proficiency Tes

7、ting by InterlaboratoryComparisons (Withdrawn 2012)5E1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation inThermal Analysis and Rheology2.2 ISO Standards:6ISO 3534:1993 (E/F) StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsPart 1: Probability and General Statistical TermsPart 2: Stati

8、stical Quality ControlISO 35341:2006 StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsPart 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used inProbabilityISO 9000:2005 (E) Standard Quality ManagementSystemsFundamentals and VocabularyISO Guide 2 General Terms and Their Definitions Relatingto Standardizing ActivitiesISO Gui

9、de 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference MaterialsISO Guide 35 Reference MaterialsGeneral and StatisticalPrinciples for CertificationISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Mea-surement (GUM)2.3 Other Sources:EURACHEM The Fitness for Purpose of AnalyticalMethods, EURACH

10、EM Working Group, English EditionIAAI Glossary Glossary of Terms Related to Chemical andInstrumental Analysis of Fire Debris, IAAI ForensicScience Committee7IUPAC Terminology IUPAC Compendium of ChemicalTerminology, Second Edition, 19973. Significance and Use3.1 These terms have particular applicati

11、on to the forensicsciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 onForensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 onTerminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. O

12、riginallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E1732 18. DOI:10.1520/E1732-18A.2Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM SubcommitteeE30.92.3Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioneddocuments, ENGR = engineering, TOX = toxicology, P

13、B = pathology biology,ANTH = anthropology, and ODEN = odentology.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM webs

14、ite.5The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.7Available from the Inter

15、national Association of Arson Investigators, Inc.(IAAI), 2111 Baldwin Avenue, Suite 203, Crofton, MD 21114, https:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internatio

16、nally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1used in the development of this terminology. The hier

17、archy isas follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technicaldictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-tions.8The subcommittee developed a suitable definition afterall of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:accelerant, nany material u

18、sed to initiate or promote thespread of a fire. The most common accelerants are flam-mable or combustible liquids. Whether a substance is anaccelerant depends not on its chemical structure but on itsuse. IAAI Glossaryaccuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand the accepted referen

19、ce value. E177DISCUSSION(1) In practice, the accepted reference value is substi-tuted for the true value.(2) The term “accuracy,“ when applied to a set of test or measure-ment results, involves a combination of random components and acommon systematic error or bias component.(3) Accuracy refers to a

20、 combination of trueness and precision.ISO 3534:1993(E/F)associative evidence, nthat evidence which tends to link aperson, place, or thing with another person, place, or thing.calibration, nthe set of operations that establishes, underspecified conditions, the relationship between values indi-cated

21、by a measuring instrument or measuring system orvalues represented by a material, and the correspondingknown values of measurement.DISCUSSIONThis definition was originally defined in TerminologyE1187, a standard discontinued by ASTM.chain of custody, nprocedures and documents that accountfor the pos

22、session of a sample by tracking its handling andstorage from its point of collection to its final disposition.class, na group, set or kind marked by common attributes ora common attribute. Websters Unabridged Dictionary9class characteristic(s), nthe attribute(s) that establish mem-bership in a class

23、.classification, nthe systematic arrangement of persons orobjects into categories (groups or classes) based on sharedtraits or characteristics. Osterburg and Ward,10p. 835comparison sample, nfire debris,(1) a sample of materialcollected from a fire scene which is, to the best of thecollectors knowle

24、dge, similar with respect to relevant char-acteristics to a sample suspected of containing ignitablesubstance, but which is not expected to contain an ignitablesubstance; (2) a sample of suspected ignitable substancesubmitted for the purpose of comparing with any ignitablesubstance separated from a

25、debris sample.DISCUSSIONA comparison sample should not be confused with acontrol sample. For example, a comparison sample might includeunburned carpet or flooring that meets the requirements in (1).control sample, nmaterial of established origin that is usedto evaluate the performance of a test or c

26、omparison.DISCUSSIONA control sample should not be confused with acomparison sample. For example, in fire debris, a control sample mightinclude an empty can from the same lot as that used to collect samples.criminalistics, na brance of forensic science concerned withthe examination and interpretatio

27、n of physical evidence, forthe purpose of aiding forensic investigation.exemplar, na specimen of physical evidence of knownorigin. Osterburg and Ward,10p. 837expanded uncertainty (U), nquantity defining an intervalabout a result of a measurement that may be expected toencompass a large fraction of t

28、he distribution of values thatcould reasonably be attributed to the measurand.DISCUSSION(1) The fraction may be regarded as the coverageprobability or level of confidence of the interval.(2) To associate a specific level of confidence with the intervaldefined by the expanded uncertainty requires exp

29、licit or implicitassumptions regarding the probability distribution characterized by themeasurement result and its combined standard uncertainty. The level ofconfidence that may be attributed to this interval can be known only tothe extent to which such assumptions can be justified.(3) An expanded u

30、ncertainty U is calculated from a combinedstandard uncertainty uc and coverage factor k using:U 5 k 3ucISO GUM, EURACHEMfalse positive, na test result that states that a drug is presentwhen, in fact, such a drug is not present in an amount greaterthan a threshold or designated cut-off concentration.

31、known, nof established origin associated with the matterunder investigation.limit of detection, nthe lowest content that can be measuredwith reasonable statistical certainty.EURACHEMpopulation, nthe totality of items or units of material underconsideration.DISCUSSIONThe word “items” may be interpret

32、ed in the sense ofmeasurements, or possible measurements, of a single characteristic, oroccasionally for multiple characteristics, on all items or units ofmaterial being considered. The word “totality” may refer to items notavailable for inclusion in samples as well as those which are available.E456

33、procedure, nspecified way to carry out an activity or aprocess.DISCUSSION(1) Procedures can be documented or not.(2) When a procedure is documented, the term “written procedure”or “documented procedure” is frequently used. The document thatcontains a procedure can be called a “procedure document.”IS

34、O 9000:2005(E)proficiency testing, nlaboratory, determination of labora-tory testing performance by means of interlaboratory testcomparisons. E13018ASTM Committee on Terminology, Compilation of ASTM StandardDefinitions, 7th ed., Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1990.9Websters Unabridged Dictionary, 1967, s.v

35、. “class.”10Osterburg J.W., and Ward, R.H., Criminal Investigation: A Method forReconstructing the Past, Anderson Pub. Co.: Cincinnati, OH: 1992.E1732 18a2qualitative analysis, nchemical, analysis in which sub-stances are identified or classified on the basis of theirchemical or physical properties,

36、 such as chemical reactivity,solubility, molecular weight, melting point, radiative prop-erties (emission, absorption), mass spectra, nuclear half-life,etc. (See also quantitative analysis.)IUPAC Terminologyquality assurance, nall the planned and systematic activitiesimplemented within the quality s

37、ystem, and demonstrated asneeded, to provide adequate confidence that an entity willfulfill requirements for quality. ISO Guide 2quantitation limit, nthe minimum amount that can bequantitated with acceptable accuracy and precision. E2161quantitative analysis, nchemical, analyses in which theamount o

38、r concentration of an analyte may be determined(estimated) and expressed as a numerical value in appropri-ate units. Qualitative analysis may take place without quan-titative analysis, but quantitative analysis requires the iden-tification (qualification) of the analytes for which numericalestimates

39、 are given. IUPAC Terminologyquestioned, nassociated with the matter under investigationabout which there is some question, including, but notlimited to, whether the questioned and known items have acommon origin.recovery, nchemical, term used in analytical and preparativechemistry to denote the fra

40、ction of the total quantity of asubstance recoverable following a chemical procedure.IUPAC Terminologyreference material, na material or substance, one or more ofwhose property values are sufficiently homogenous and wellestablished to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, theassessment of a m

41、easurement method, or for assigningvalues to materials. E1301repeatability, nprecision under repeatability conditions.E177, E456repeatability conditions, nconditions where independenttest results are obtained with the same method on identicaltest items in the same laboratory by the same operator usi

42、ngthe same equipment within short intervals of time.E177, E456reproducibility, nprecision under reproducibility conditions.E177, E456reproducibility conditions, nconditions where test resultsare obtained with the same method on identical test items indifferent laboratories with different operators u

43、sing differentequipment. E177, E456samplesubset of a population made up of one or moresampling units. ISO 35341:2006populationtotality of items under consideration.ISO 35341:2006DISCUSSIONNote that a population may be real and finite, real andinfinite, or completely hypothetical.sampling unitone of

44、the individual parts into which apopulation is divided. ISO 35341:2006sampling, n(the) process of drawing or constituting asample. E1402, ISO 3534:1993selectivity, n(1)(qualitative): the extent to which othersubstances interfere with the determination of a substanceaccording to a given procedure; (2

45、)(quantitative): a termused in conjunction with another substantive (for example,constant, coefficient, index, factor, number) for the quanti-tative characterization of interferences. EURACHEM,IUPAC Terminologystandard, nmaterial of established origin with certifiedproperties.test, ndetermination of

46、 one or more characteristics accordingto a procedure. ISO 9000:2005(E)test method, na definitive procedure that produces a testresult. E456traceabilityproperty of a result of a measurement or value ofa standard whereby it can be related with a stateduncertainty, to stated references, usually nationa

47、l or interna-tional standards through an unbroken chain of comparisons.ISO Guide 30:1992(E/F)DISCUSSION(1) The concept is often expressed by the adjectivetraceable.(2) The unbroken chain of comparisons is called a traceability chain.(3) (Applicable only to the French text.)(4) Traceability of values

48、 in the certification of reference materialsfor chemical composition is discussed in IS0 Guide 35:1989 (subclause9.3.1) where attention is drawn to the special problems associated withchemical analysis. Traceability of the chemical species is frequently ofequal or greater importance than the traceab

49、ility of the calibration of theinstruments used in the analysis.validation, nconfirmation, through the provision of objec-tive evidence, that the requirements for a specific intendeduse or application have been fulfilled.DISCUSSION(1) The term “validated” is used to designate thecorresponding status.(2) The use conditions for validation can be real or simulated.ISO 9000:2005(E)verification, nconfirmation, through the provision of objec-tive evidence, that specified requirements have been ful-filled.DI