ASTM E390-2011 7500 Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds《钢熔焊连接用参考射线照片》.pdf
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1、Designation: E390 11Standard Reference Radiographs forSteel Fusion Welds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E390; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses i
2、ndicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steelfusion welds that conta
3、in typical discontinuities with varyingseverity levels in different thicknesses of material. The refer-ence radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and mustbe purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs basedon seven nominal we
4、ld thicknesses as follows:Vol ISet of 16 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering base materialup to and including14 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness.Vol IISet of 29 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering basematerial over14 to and including 3 in. (6.4 to 76 mm) inthickness.Vol IIISet of 32 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering
5、 basematerial over 3 to including 8 in. (76 to 203 mm) in thickness.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati-cal conversions to SI units that are provided for informationonly and are not considered standard.1.4 This st
6、andard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1
7、 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds:Volume I, Thickness Up to and Including14 in. (6.4 mm)4Volume II, Thickness Over14 to 3 in. (6.4 to 76 mm), incl5Volume III, Thickne
8、ss Over 3 to 8 in. (76 to 203 mm), incl63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this docu-ment, see Terminology E1316, Section D.3.2 The terms relating to discontinuities present in thesereference radiographs are described based upon radiographicappearance. The terms “darker” a
9、nd “lighter” as used in thisstandard refer to the optical density of a radiographic film.Where other radiographic media are used, these terms shouldbe understood to refer to areas of greater or lesser radiologictransmission, respectively.4. Significance and Use4.1 These reference radiographs may be
10、used as a means forestablishing the types and severity levels of discontinuities thatare revealed by radiographic examination of steel fusion welds.4.2 Each volume contains illustrations of representativegraded and ungraded discontinuities applicable to seven thick-ness ranges, as shown in Table 1.
11、Table 2 lists the discontinuitytypes and severities illustrated for each thickness of basematerial. Each of the graded discontinuity types has fiveseverity levels, 1 through 5 in order of increasing severity. Theungraded discontinuities are included for informational pur-poses.4.3 These reference ra
12、diographs may be used in contractualspecifications, for which agreement has been reached betweenpurchaser and supplier, to establish acceptance limits of thetypes and severity levels of discontinuities revealed by radio-graphic examination.4.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricte
13、dto the specific energy levels given in Table 3 or to the thicknesslimits given in Table 1. This document may be used, wherethere is no other applicable document, for other energy levels1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeE07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the
14、 direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originallyapproved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E390 - 01(2006). DOI:10.1520/E0390-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websi
15、te, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM Headquarters.4Order RRE039001.5Order RRE039002.6Order RRE039003.1Copyright ASTM Internationa
16、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicableand for which agreement has been reached between purchaserand manufacturer.TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness RangesIllustrationThickness,in. (mm)Base Mater
17、ial Thickness Range,in. (mm)AVol I0.030 (0.8) to and including 0.050 (1.2)0.080 (2.0) over 0.050 (1.2) to and including18 (3.2)316 (4.8) over18 (3.2) to and including14 (6.4)Vol II38 (9.5) over14 (6.4) to and including12 (13)34 (19) over12 (13) to and including 112 (38)2 (51) over 112 (38) to and in
18、cluding 3 (76)Vol III5 (127) over 3.0 (76) to and including 8 (203)AIn the special cases of joining two members of unequal thickness, the standardapplicable to the thinner member shall be used.TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness of Base MaterialDiscontinuity TypeBase Mate
19、rial Thickness and Grading, in. (mm)0.030 (0.8) 0.080 (2.0)316 (4.8)38 (9.5)34 (19) 2 (51) 5 (127)Scattered porosity Grade 15Fine scattered porosity Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Coarse scattered porosity Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Clustered porosity
20、Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Linear porosity (globular indications)Aungraded Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Slag inclusions Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Tungsten inclusions Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 ung
21、radedIncomplete penetration ungraded Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Lack of fusion ungraded Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Elongated or worm hole porosity ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedBurn through ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedIcicles (teardrops
22、) ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedLongitudinal crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedTransverse crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedCrater crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedUndercut ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedAT
23、he severity of linear porosity (globular indications) should be judged by their length and clustering rather than by their optical density.TABLE 3 Radiographic TechniqueABase MaterialThickness,in. (mm)kVp mA TimersSource-to-Film Dis-tance, in.Screens inCassettesFilm TypeASTME94BVol I0.030 (0.8) 90 1
24、0 180210 48 none 10.080 (2.0) 120 10 150210 48 none 1316 (4.8) 150 10 180270 48 0.005 in. Pb front 10.010 in. Pb backVol II38 (9.5) 175 10 175200 48 0.005 in. Pb frontC0.010 in. Pb back34 (19) 250 10 4365 60 0.005 in. Pb front 10.010 in. Pb back2 (51) 2000 or60CoD1.5 4553 108 0.005 in. Pb front 10.0
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