ASTM E140-2012a red 6875 Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness Vickers Hardness Rockwell Hardness Superficial Hardness Knoop Hardness S.pdf

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1、Designation:E14012E14012a Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Supercial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and ScleroscopeLeeb Hardness 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation E140; the numb

2、er immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This stan

3、dard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. Scope* 1.1 Conversion Table 1 presents data in the Rockwell C hardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell supercial hardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardn

4、ess of non-austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in the as-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and tempered conditions provided that they are homogeneous. 1.2 Conversion Table 2 presents data in the Rockwell B hardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness, Vic

5、kers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell supercial hardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardness of non-austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in the as-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and tempered conditions provided that they are homogeneous. 1.3 Conversion Ta

6、ble 3 presents data on the relationship among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell supercial hardness, and Knoop hardness of nickel and high-nickel alloys (nickel content over 50%). These hardness conversion relationships are intended to apply particularly to the following

7、: nickel-aluminum-silicon specimens nished to commercial mill standards for hardness testing, covering the entire range of these alloys from their annealed to their heavily cold-worked or age-hardened conditions, including their intermediate conditions. 1.4 Conversion Table 4 presents data on the re

8、lationship among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, and Rockwell supercial hardness of cartridge brass. 1.5 Conversion Table 5 presents data on the relationship between Brinell hardness and Rockwell B hardness of austenitic stainless steel plate in the annealed condition. 1.6 Con

9、version Table 6 presents data on the relationship between Rockwell hardness and Rockwell supercial hardness of austenitic stainless steel sheet. 1.7 Conversion Table 7 presents data on the relationship among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell supercial hardness, and Knoo

10、p hardness of copper. 1.8 Conversion Table 8 presents data on the relationship among Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, and Vickers hardness of alloyed white iron. 1.9 Conversion Table 9 presents data on the relationship among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, and Rockwell sup

11、ercial hardness of wrought aluminum products. 1.10 Conversion Table 10 presents data in the Rockwell C hardness range on the relationship among Leeb (Type D) hardness, Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, and Rockwell hardness of non-austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in the a

12、s-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and tempered conditions provided that they are homogeneous. 1.11 Many of the conversion values presented herein were obtained from computer-generated curves of actual test data. Most Rockwell hardness numbers are presented to the nearest 0.1 or 0.5 hardne

13、ss number to permit accurate reproduction of these 1 These conversion tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on Indentation Hardness Testing. Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2012Sept. 1, 2012. Published

14、 May 2013. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as E14007.E14012. DOI: 10.1520/E0140-12.10.1520/E0140-12A. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous

15、version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. *ASummary of Change

16、s section appears at the end of this standard Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1curves. Since all converted hardness values must be considered approximate, however, all converted Rockwell hardness numbers shall be round

17、ed to the nearest whole number in accordance with Practice E29. 1.12 Appendix X1-AnnexA1-Appendix X9AnnexA10 contain equations developed from the data in Tables 19, respectively, to convert from one hardness scale to another. Since all converted The equations given in AnnexA1-AnnexA9 were developed

18、fromthedatainTables1to9,respectively.TheequationsgiveninAnnexA10hardnessvaluesmustbeconsideredweredeveloped at the time the Leeb hardness test was invented (see Appendix X2approximate, however, all converted hardness numbers shall be rounded in accordance with Practice). The data in Table 10 was E29

19、. calculated from the Annex A10 equations. TABLE 1 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Non-Austenitic Steels (Rockwell C Hardness Range) A, B Rock- well C Hardness Number 150 kgf (HRC) Vickers Hardness Number (HV) Brinell Hardness Number C Knoop Hardness, Number 500-gf and Over (HK) Rockwell

20、 Hardness Number Rockwell Supercial Hardness Number Sclero- scope Hard- ness Number D Rock- well C Hardness Number 150 kgf (HRC) 10-mm Standard Ball, 3000-kgf (HBS) 10-mm Carbide Ball, 3000-kgf (HBW) A Scale, 60-kgf (HRA) D Scale, 100-kgf (HRD) 15-N Scale, 15-kgf (HR 15-N) 30-N Scale, 30-kgf (HR 30-

21、N) 45-N Scale, 45-kgf (HR 45-N) 68 940 . . 920 85.6 76.9 93.2 84.4 75.4 97.3 68 67 900 . . 895 85.0 76.1 92.9 83.6 74.2 95.0 67 66 865 . . 870 84.5 75.4 92.5 82.8 73.3 92.7 66 65 832 . (739) 846 83.9 74.5 92.2 81.9 72.0 90.6 65 64 800 . (722) 822 83.4 73.8 91.8 81.1 71.0 88.5 64 63 772 . (705) 799 8

22、2.8 73.0 91.4 80.1 69.9 86.5 63 62 746 . (688) 776 82.3 72.2 91.1 79.3 68.8 84.5 62 61 720 . (670) 754 81.8 71.5 90.7 78.4 67.7 82.6 61 60 697 . (654) 732 81.2 70.7 90.2 77.5 66.6 80.8 60 59 674 . 634 710 80.7 69.9 89.8 76.6 65.5 79.0 59 58 653 . 615 690 80.1 69.2 89.3 75.7 64.3 77.3 58 57 633 . 595

23、 670 79.6 68.5 88.9 74.8 63.2 75.6 57 56 613 . 577 650 79.0 67.7 88.3 73.9 62.0 74.0 56 55 595 . 560 630 78.5 66.9 87.9 73.0 60.9 72.4 55 54 577 . 543 612 78.0 66.1 87.4 72.0 59.8 70.9 54 53 560 . 525 594 77.4 65.4 86.9 71.2 58.6 69.4 53 52 544 (500) 512 576 76.8 64.6 86.4 70.2 57.4 67.9 52 51 528 (

24、487) 496 558 76.3 63.8 85.9 69.4 56.1 66.5 51 50 513 (475) 481 542 75.9 63.1 85.5 68.5 55.0 65.1 50 49 498 (464) 469 526 75.2 62.1 85.0 67.6 53.8 63.7 49 48 484 451 455 510 74.7 61.4 84.5 66.7 52.5 62.4 48 47 471 442 443 495 74.1 60.8 83.9 65.8 51.4 61.1 47 46 458 432 432 480 73.6 60.0 83.5 64.8 50.

25、3 59.8 46 45 446 421 421 466 73.1 59.2 83.0 64.0 49.0 58.5 45 44 434 409 409 452 72.5 58.5 82.5 63.1 47.8 57.3 44 43 423 400 400 438 72.0 57.7 82.0 62.2 46.7 56.1 43 42 412 390 390 426 71.5 56.9 81.5 61.3 45.5 54.9 42 41 402 381 381 414 70.9 56.2 80.9 60.4 44.3 53.7 41 40 392 371 371 402 70.4 55.4 8

26、0.4 59.5 43.1 52.6 40 39 382 362 362 391 69.9 54.6 79.9 58.6 41.9 51.5 39 38 372 353 353 380 69.4 53.8 79.4 57.7 40.8 50.4 38 37 363 344 344 370 68.9 53.1 78.8 56.8 39.6 49.3 37 36 354 336 336 360 68.4 52.3 78.3 55.9 38.4 48.2 36 35 345 327 327 351 67.9 51.5 77.7 55.0 37.2 47.1 35 34 336 319 319 342

27、 67.4 50.8 77.2 54.2 36.1 46.1 34 33 327 311 311 334 66.8 50.0 76.6 53.3 34.9 45.1 33 32 318 301 301 326 66.3 49.2 76.1 52.1 33.7 44.1 32 31 310 294 294 318 65.8 48.4 75.6 51.3 32.5 43.1 31 30 302 286 286 311 65.3 47.7 75.0 50.4 31.3 42.2 30 29 294 279 279 304 64.8 47.0 74.5 49.5 30.1 41.3 29 28 286

28、 271 271 297 64.3 46.1 73.9 48.6 28.9 40.4 28 27 279 264 264 290 63.8 45.2 73.3 47.7 27.8 39.5 27 26 272 258 258 284 63.3 44.6 72.8 46.8 26.7 38.7 26 25 266 253 253 278 62.8 43.8 72.2 45.9 25.5 37.8 25 24 260 247 247 272 62.4 43.1 71.6 45.0 24.3 37.0 24 23 254 243 243 266 62.0 42.1 71.0 44.0 23.1 36

29、.3 23 22 248 237 237 261 61.5 41.6 70.5 43.2 22.0 35.5 22 21 243 231 231 256 61.0 40.9 69.9 42.3 20.7 34.8 21 20 238 226 226 251 60.5 40.1 69.4 41.5 19.6 34.2 20 A In the table headings, force refers to total test forces. B Appendix X1AnnexA1 contains equations converting determined hardness scale n

30、umbers to Rockwell C hardness numbers for non-austenitic steels. Refer to 1.111.12 before using conversion equations. C The Brinell hardness numbers in parentheses are outside the range recommended for Brinell hardness testing in 8.1 of Test Method E10. D These Scleroscope hardness conversions are b

31、ased on VickersScleroscope hardness relationships developed from Vickers hardness data provided by the National Bureau of Standards for 13 steel reference blocks, Scleroscope hardness values obtained on these blocks by the Shore Instrument and Mfg. Co., Inc., the Roll Manufacturers Institute, and me

32、mbers of this institute, and also on hardness conversions previously published by the American Society for Metals and the Roll Manufacturers Institute. E14012a 21.13 Conversionofhardnessvaluesshouldbeusedonlywhenitisimpossibletotestthematerialundertheconditionsspecied, and when conversion is made it

33、 should be done with discretion and under controlled conditions. Each type of hardness test is subject to certain errors, but if precautions are carefully observed, the reliability of hardness readings made on instruments of the indentation type will be found comparable. Differences in sensitivity w

34、ithin the range of a given hardness scale (for example, Rockwell B) may be greater than between two different scales or types of instruments. The conversion values, whether from the tables or calculated from the equations, are only approximate and may be inaccurate for specic application. 2. Referen

35、ced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 A956Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel Products E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials E29Practice for Using Signicant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Spec

36、ications E92Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials (Withdrawn 2010) 3 E384Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials E448Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerSer

37、viceatserviceastm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org. TABLE 2 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Non-Austenitic Steels (R

38、ockwell B Hardness Range) A, B Rockwell B Hardness Number, 100-kgf (HRB) Vickers Hardness Number (HV) Brinell Hard- ness Number, 3000-kgf, (HBS) Knoop Hard- ness Number, 500-gf, and Over (HK) Rockwell A Hardness Number, 60-kgf, (HRA) Rockwell F Hardness Number, 60-kgf, (HRF) Rockwell Supercial Hardn

39、ess Number Rockwell B Hardness Number, 100-kgf, (HRB) 15-T Scale, 15-kgf, (HR 15-T) 30-T Scale, 30-kgf, (HR 30-T) 45-T Scale, 45-kgf, (HR 45-T) 100 240 240 251 61.5 . 93.1 83.1 72.9 100 99 234 234 246 60.9 . 92.8 82.5 71.9 99 98 228 228 241 60.2 . 92.5 81.8 70.9 98 97 222 222 236 59.5 . 92.1 81.1 69

40、.9 97 96 216 216 231 58.9 . 91.8 80.4 68.9 96 95 210 210 226 58.3 . 91.5 79.8 67.9 95 94 205 205 221 57.6 . 91.2 79.1 66.9 94 93 200 200 216 57.0 . 90.8 78.4 65.9 93 92 195 195 211 56.4 . 90.5 77.8 64.8 92 91 190 190 206 55.8 . 90.2 77.1 63.8 91 90 185 185 201 55.2 . 89.9 76.4 62.8 90 89 180 180 196

41、 54.6 . 89.5 75.8 61.8 89 88 176 176 192 54.0 . 89.2 75.1 60.8 88 87 172 172 188 53.4 . 88.9 74.4 59.8 87 86 169 169 184 52.8 . 88.6 73.8 58.8 86 85 165 165 180 52.3 . 88.2 73.1 57.8 85 84 162 162 176 51.7 . 87.9 72.4 56.8 84 83 159 159 173 51.1 . 87.6 71.8 55.8 83 82 156 156 170 50.6 . 87.3 71.1 54

42、.8 82 81 153 153 167 50.0 . 86.9 70.4 53.8 81 80 150 150 164 49.5 . 86.6 69.7 52.8 80 79 147 147 161 48.9 . 86.3 69.1 51.8 79 78 144 144 158 48.4 . 86.0 68.4 50.8 78 77 141 141 155 47.9 . 85.6 67.7 49.8 77 76 139 139 152 47.3 . 85.3 67.1 48.8 76 75 137 137 150 46.8 99.6 85.0 66.4 47.8 75 74 135 135

43、147 46.3 99.1 84.7 65.7 46.8 74 73 132 132 145 45.8 98.5 84.3 65.1 45.8 73 72 130 130 143 45.3 98.0 84.0 64.4 44.8 72 71 127 127 141 44.8 97.4 83.7 63.7 43.8 71 70 125 125 139 44.3 96.8 83.4 63.1 42.8 70 69 123 123 137 43.8 96.2 83.0 62.4 41.8 69 68 121 121 135 43.3 95.6 82.7 61.7 40.8 68 67 119 119

44、 133 42.8 95.1 82.4 61.0 39.8 67 66 117 117 131 42.3 94.5 82.1 60.4 38.7 66 65 116 116 129 41.8 93.9 81.8 59.7 37.7 65 64 114 114 127 41.4 93.4 81.4 59.0 36.7 64 63 112 112 125 40.9 92.8 81.1 58.4 35.7 63 62 110 110 124 40.4 92.2 80.8 57.7 34.7 62 61 108 108 122 40.0 91.7 80.5 57.0 33.7 61 60 107 10

45、7 120 39.5 91.1 80.1 56.4 32.7 60 E14012a 33. Methods for Hardness Determinations 3.1 ThehardnessreadingsusedwiththeseconversiontablesshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithoneofthefollowingASTM test methods: 3.1.1 Vickers HardnessTest Method E92. 3.1.1 Brinell HardnessTest Method E10. 3.1.2 Rockwell Hard

46、nessTest Method E18 Scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, 15-N, 30-N, 45-N, 15-T, 30-T, 45-T, 15-W. 3.1.3 Vickers Hardness and Knoop HardnessTest Method E384. 3.1.4 Scleroscope 4 HardnessPractice E448. 3.1.5 Scleroscope Leeb HardnessTest HardnessMethodPractice E448A956. NOTE1Thecomparativehardnesstestdo

47、netogeneratetheconversiontablesinthisstandardwereperformedinpastyearsusingASTMtestmethods in effect at the time of testing. In some cases, the standards have changed in ways that could affect the nal results. For example, currently both the Rockwell and Brinell hardness standards (Test MethodE10 and

48、 E18, respectively) allow or require the use of tungsten carbide ball indenters; however, all of the ball scale Rockwell hardness tests (HRB, HR30T, etc.) and most of the Brinell hardness tests preformed to develop these tables used hardened steel ball indenters. The use of tungsten carbide balls wi

49、ll produce slightly different hardness results than steel balls. Therefore, the user is cautioned to consider these differences and to keep in mind the approximate nature of these conversions when applying them to the results of tests using tungsten carbide balls. NOTE1ThecomparativehardnesstestdonetogeneratetheconversiontablesinthisstandardwerepreformedinpastyearsusingASTMtestmethods in effect at the time of testing. In some cases, the standards have changed in ways that could affect the nal results. For example, currently both the Rockwell and Brinell