ASTM D6693 D6693M-2004(2015)e1 0444 Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Nonreinforced Polyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes《测定非增.pdf

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1、Designation: D6693/D6693M 04 (Reapproved 2015)1Standard Test Method forDetermining Tensile Properties of NonreinforcedPolyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible PolypropyleneGeomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6693/D6693M; the number immediately following the designation i

2、ndicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEDesignation was changed to dual and units info

3、rmation was corrected editorially in June 2015.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensileproperties of nonreinforced geomembranes in the form ofstandard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested underdefined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, and machinespeed.1.2 Thi

4、s test method can be used for testing materialsthickness between 0.25 mm 0.010 in. and 6.3 mm 0.25 in.NOTE 1This test method is not intended to cover precise physicalprocedures. The constant rate of crosshead movement of this test lacksaccuracy from a theoretical standpoint. A wide difference may ex

5、istbetween the rate of crosshead movement and the rate of strain of thespecimen indicating that the testing speeds specified may disguiseimportant effects or characteristics of these materials in the plastic state.Further, it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test specimens,as permit

6、ted by this test method, produce variations in the surface-volumeratios of such specimens, and that these variations may influence the testresults. Hence, where directly comparable results are desired, all samplesshould be of equal thickness. Special additional tests should be used wheremore precise

7、 physical data are needed.1.3 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant andmay be appropriate for use in engineering design with consid-eration of test conditions as compared with in-service condi-tions.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separate

8、ly as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, i

9、f any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Pla

10、sticsD4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-alsD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsD5994/D5994M Test Method for Measuring Core Thicknessof Textured GeomembranesE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machin

11、esE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms applying to this testmethod appear in Terminology D4439.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile propertydata for the

12、control and specification of nonreinforced poly-ethylene and flexible nonreinforced polypropylene geomem-branes. These data are also useful for qualitative characteriza-tion and for research and development. It may be necessary tomodify this procedure for use in testing certain materials asrecommend

13、ed by the material specifications. Therefore, it isadvisable to refer to that materials specification before usingthis test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists theASTM materials standards that currently exist.4.2 Tensile properties may vary with specimen preparation,test speed, and environ

14、ment of testing. Consequently, where1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition

15、approved in 2010 as D669304(2010).DOI: 10.1520/D6693_D6693M-04R15E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM

16、website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1precise comparative results are desired, these factors must becarefully monitored and controlled.4.2.1 It is realized that a material cannot be tested withoutalso testing the met

17、hod of preparation of that material. Hence,when comparative tests of materials are desired, the care mustbe exercised to ensure that all samples are prepared in exactlythe same way, unless the test is to include the effects of samplepreparation. Similarly, for referee purposes or comparisonswithin a

18、ny given series of specimens, care must be taken tosecure the maximum degree of uniformity in details ofpreparation, treatment, and handling.NOTE 2Tensile properties may provide useful data for plasticsengineering design purposes. However, because of the high degree ofsensitivity exhibited by many p

19、lastics to rate of straining and environ-mental conditions, data obtained by this test method cannot be consideredvalid for applications involving load-time scales or environments widelydifferent from those of this test method. In cases of such dissimilarity, noreliable estimation of the limit of us

20、efulness can be made for most plastics.This sensitivity to rate of straining and environment necessitates testingover a broad load-time scale and range of environmental conditions iftensile properties are to suffice for engineering design purposes.5. Apparatus5.1 Testing MachineA testing machine of

21、the constant-rate-of-crosshead-movement type and comprising essentiallythe following:5.1.1 Fixed MemberA fixed or essentially stationarymember carrying one grip.5.1.2 Movable MemberA movable member carrying asecond grip.5.1.3 GripsGrips for holding the test specimen betweenthe fixed member and the m

22、ovable member of the testapparatus can be either a fixed or self-aligning type.5.1.3.1 Fixed grips are rigidly attached to the fixed andmovable members of the test apparatus. Extreme care shouldbe taken when this type of grip is used to ensure that the testspecimen is inserted and clamped so that th

23、e long axis of thetest specimen coincides with the direction of pull through thecenterline of the grip assembly.5.1.3.2 Self-aligning grips are attached to the fixed andmovable members of the test apparatus. This type of gripassembly is such that they will move freely into alignment assoon as any lo

24、ad is applied as long as the long axis of the testspecimen will coincide with the direction of the applied pullthrough the centerline of the grip assembly. The specimensshould be aligned as perfectly as possible with the direction ofpull so that no rotary motion will occur in the grips therebyinduci

25、ng slippage; there is a limit to the amount of misalign-ment self-aligning grips will accommodate.5.1.3.3 The test specimen shall be held in such a way thatslippage relative to the grips is prevented as much as possible.Grip surfaces that are deeply scored or serrated with a patternsimilar to those

26、of a coarse single-cut file, serrations about2.4 mm 0.09 in. apart and about 1.6 mm 0.06 in. deep, havebeen found satisfactory for most thermoplastics. Finer serra-tions have been found to be more satisfactory for harderplastics, such as the thermosetting materials. The serrationsshould be kept clea

27、n and sharp. Breaking in the grips mayoccur at times, even when deep serrations or abraded specimensurfaces are used; other techniques must be used in these cases.Other techniques that have been found useful, particularly withsmooth-faced grips, are abrading that portion of the surface ofthe specime

28、n that will be in the grips, and interposing thinpieces of abrasive cloth, abrasive paper, plastic, or rubber-coated fabric, commonly called hospital sheeting, between thespecimen and the grip surface. No. 80 double-sided abrasivepaper has been found effective in many cases. An open-meshfabric, in w

29、hich the threads are coated with abrasive, has alsobeen effective. Reducing the cross-sectional area of the speci-men may also be effective. The use of special types of grips issometimes necessary to eliminate slippage and breakage in thegrips.5.1.4 Drive MechanismA drive mechanism for impartingto t

30、he movable member a uniform, controlled velocity withrespect to the stationary member, with this velocity to beregulated as specified in Section 9.5.1.5 Load IndicatorA suitable load-indicating mecha-nism capable of showing the total tensile load carried by thetest specimen when held by the grips. T

31、his mechanism shall beessentially free of inertia lag at the specified rate of testing andshall indicate the load with an accuracy of 61 % of theindicated value, or better. The accuracy of the testing machineshall be verified in accordance with Practices E4.NOTE 3Experience has shown that many testi

32、ng machines now in useare incapable of maintaining accuracy for as long as the periods betweeninspection recommended in Practices E4. Hence, it is recommended thateach machine be studied individually and verified as often as may befound necessary. It frequently will be necessary to perform this func

33、tiondaily.6. Test Specimens6.1 Sheet, Plate, and Molded Plastics:6.1.1 The test specimens shall conform to the dimensionsshown in Fig. 1. This specimen geometry was adopted fromTest Method D638 and is therefore equivalent to Type IV ofsaid standard.6.1.2 Test specimens shall be prepared by die cutti

34、ng frommaterials in sheet, plate, slab, or similar form.6.2 All surfaces of the specimen shall be free of visibleflaws, scratches, or imperfections. If the specimen exhibitssuch markings, it should be discarded and replaced. If theseflaws or imperfections are present in the new specimen, the dieshou

35、ld be inspected for flaws.NOTE 4Negative effects from imperfections on the edge of thespecimens can severely impact the results of this test and should thereforebe carefully monitored. In cases of dispute over the results, inspection ofthe die and specimen preparation should take place.7. Conditioni

36、ng7.1 ConditioningSpecimens should be tested once thematerial has reached temperature equilibrium. The time re-quired to reach a temperature equilibrium may vary accordingto the manufacturing process, material type, and materialthickness.7.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in the Standard Labora-tory A

37、tmosphere of 21 6 2C 69.8 6 3.6F unless otherwisespecified in the test methods.NOTE 5A humidity requirement has intentionally been left out of theD6693/D6693M 04 (2015)12test conditions due to the fact that polyolefins are not significantly affectedby large fluctuations in humidity thereby making su

38、ch a restrictionunnecessary.NOTE 6The tensile properties of some plastics change rapidly withsmall changes in temperature. Since heat may be generated as a result ofstraining the specimen at high rates, conduct tests without forced coolingto ensure uniformity of test conditions. Measure the temperat

39、ure in thereduced section of the specimen and record it for materials whereself-heating is suspected.8. Number of Test Specimens8.1 Test at least five specimens for each sample in the caseof isotropic materials.8.2 Test ten specimens, five normal to and five parallel withthe principle axis of anisot

40、ropy, for each sample in the case ofanisotropic materials.8.3 Discard specimens that break at some obvious flaw andprepare new specimens for retest, unless such flaws constitutea variable to be studied.9. Speed of Testing9.1 Speed of testing shall be the relative rate of motion ofthe grips or test f

41、ixtures during the test. The rate of motion ofthe driven grip or fixture when the test apparatus is running idlemay be used, if it can be shown that the resulting speed oftesting is within the limits of variation allowed.9.2 The test speed shall be 50 mm/min 2 in./min forpolyethylene geomembranes an

42、d 500 mm/min 20 in./min fornonreinforced flexible polypropylene geomembranes.NOTE 7Some nonreinforced polyethylene materials approaching butless than a density of 0.940 g/cc exhibit less variation when tested at 2 ipmrather than 20 ipm. If a test speed other than that indicated in 9.2 is used,this m

43、odification should be noted in the report.10. Procedure10.1 Measure the width and thickness of rigid flat speci-mens (Fig. 1) in accordance with Test Method D5199 forsmooth geomembranes and Test Method D5994/D5994M fortextured (non-smooth) geomembranes.10.2 Place the specimen in the grips of the tes

44、t apparatus,taking care to align the long axis of the specimen and the gripswith an imaginary line joining the points of attachment of thegrips to the machine. The distance between the ends of thegripping surfaces, when using flat specimens, shall be asindicated in Fig. 1. Tighten the grips evenly a

45、nd firmly to thedegree necessary to prevent slippage of the specimen duringthe test, but not to the point where the specimen would becrushed.10.3 Set the speed of testing at the proper rate in accordancewith Section 9, and start the machine.10.4 Record the load-extension curve of the specimen.Specim

46、en Dimensions for Type IV Dog Bone of Thickness, T, mm in.Description Dimension, mm in. Tolerances, mm in.Wwidth of narrow section 6 0.25 0.5 0.02Llength of narrow section 33 1.30 0.5 0.02GLYgauge length for yield 33 1.30 0.5 0.02GLBgauge length for break 50 2.0 0.5 0.02WOwidth overall 19 0.75 6.4 0

47、.25LOlength overall 115 4.5 No max, No minGgauge length 25 1.00 0.5 0.02Ddistance between grips 65 2.5 0.13 0.005Rradius of fillet 14 0.56 1 0.04ROouter radius 25 1.00 1 0.04FIG. 1 Type IV Dog Bone SpecimenD6693/D6693M 04 (2015)1310.5 Record the load and extension at the yield point (if oneexists) a

48、nd the load and extension at the moment of rupture(break point).11. Calculation11.1 Tensile Yield StrengthCalculate the load correspond-ing to the yield point in newtons or pounds-force. Divide thatload by the original minimum width of the specimen in metresor inches. Express the result in newtons p

49、er millimetre orpounds-force per inch and report it to three significant figuresas tensile yield strength.11.2 Tensile Break StrengthCalculate the load correspond-ing to the point of rupture (break) in newtons or pounds-force. Divide that load by the original minimum width of thespecimen in metres or inches. Express the result in newtonsper millimetre or pounds-force per inch and report it to threesignificant figures as tensile break strength.11.3 Percent Yie