ASTM D5478-2013(2018) Standard Test Methods for Viscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer.pdf

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1、Designation: D5478 13 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Methods forViscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye

2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of theviscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. These testmetho

3、ds are applicable to liquids having viscosities in therange from 5 104to 103Pas (0.5 to 106cP). The shear raterange is dependent upon the needle used and viscosity of theliquid and may vary from 104to 103s1. With an extensionbar and applied weight, a shear rate of 104s1may be achieved.1.2 The yield

4、stress of liquids having this property may alsobe determined.1.3 These test methods consist of determining liquid vis-cosities of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (clear oropaque) by measuring the steady-state (constant) or terminalvelocities of cylindrical needles as they fall through the testliq

5、uid under the influence of gravity. Yield stresses of non-Newtonian liquids may be measured using the same procedure.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesaf

6、ety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dan

7、ce with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta

8、ndards:2E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 dilatant or shear thickening fluid, nfluid in whichthe apparent viscosity increases with increasing shear rate

9、.3.1.2 Newtonian fluid, nfluid in which the dynamic vis-cosity does not vary with shear rate but only with thetemperature and pressure.3.1.3 Non-Newtonian fluid, nfluid in which the dynamicviscosity varies with shear rate over at least some shear raterange.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThis viscosity is sometim

10、es referred toas the “apparent viscosity” since it is not a true property of thefluid but a variable depending on the shear rate. The viscosityof most non-Newtonian fluids fits a power law expression. Apower law fluid is defined by the following equation:a5 Kd/dt!n21(1)where:a= apparent viscosity, P

11、as (or dynes/cm2= P), mPas =cP,K = fluid consistency, Pasn(or dynesn/cm2),d/dt = shear rate or velocity gradient, 1/s, andn = flow behavior index, dimensionless.3.1.4 pseudoplastic or shear thinning fluid, nfluid inwhich the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shearrate.3.1.5 viscosity, nth

12、e ratio between an applied shear stressto the resulting shear rate (velocity gradient) is defined as thedynamic viscosity. It is a measure of the resistance to flow ofa fluid.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 onPaint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Application

13、s and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints Newtonian fluid; non-Newtonian fluid; rheological property; rheometer; viscometer;viscosity; yield stressASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in con

14、nection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the respon

15、sible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful

16、consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 1

17、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 13 (2018)5