ASTM D4031-2007(2018) Standard Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns.pdf

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1、Designation: D4031 07 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forBulk Properties of Textured Yarns1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4031; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the changein length of a tensioned skein of textured yarn due to change incrimp characteri

3、stics brought about by exposure to wet or dryheat. The change in length, depending on procedure, is ameasure of skein shrinkage, crimp contraction, bulk shrinkage,or crimp recovery.1.2 This test method applies to crimped, continuous multi-filament yarns ranging from 1.7 to 88.9 tex (15 to 800 denier

4、).1.3 Three conditions are provided for crimp developmentmediums, and loading routines are provided to be used on theyarn skeins to allow determination of yarn bulk by severaldifferent procedures.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded as standard. Within the t

5、ext, the inch-poundunits are shown in parentheses. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall beused independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.1.5 This standard does not purport to

6、 address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was

7、developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced

8、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length SpecimensD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-ber) by the Skein MethodD2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for

9、TestingD4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns andFibers, refer to Terminology D4849.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bulkshrinkage, crimp contraction, crimp development medium,crimp recovery, skein shrinkag

10、e.3.2 For all other terms are related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A skein of yarn of a prescribed size (linear density) issubjected to a crimp development medium using a specifiedloading routine. As the crimp is developed or shrinkage occursin the yarn, the ske

11、in changes in length. The lengths of theskein under specified tension forces are used to calculate thevalue of bulk shrinkage, crimp contraction, skein shrinkage, orcrimp recovery.4.2 The test method offers three options for loading routineof the yarn skeins. Loading routines consist of using low-te

12、nsion forces (light loads of 0.04 to 0.98 mN/tex (0.5 to 11mgf/den) that extend without removing crimp, and high-tension forces (heavy loads of 8.8 mN/tex (100 mgf/den) thatremove crimp without elongating the yarn. A list of weights tobe used is given in Table 1. Weight option combinations aredetail

13、ed in Table 2.5. Significance and Use5.1 The values obtained by this test method should not beused to predict similar properties in fabricated structures exceptin narrow well-defined comparisons, such as 16.7 tex (150-denier) polyester from the same feed yarn merge and texturedon the same machine ty

14、pe.Attempts to relate yarn performanceto fabric performance might result in poor correlations unlessother factors affecting bulk such as yarn shrinkage and fabricfinishing are eliminated.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of

15、Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4031 07(2012).DOI: 10.1520/D4031-07R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus

16、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was deve

17、loped in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.2 Elapsed time b

18、etween processing and testing has amarked effect on the results of this test especially during thefirst 72 h. Therefore, specimens should only be compared iftested after the same elapsed time. This effect is caused bystress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventhday and after which tim

19、e the sample remains relatively stable.Comparisons are preferably made after the seventh day.5.3 In the case of yarns having a linear density near theupper limit of the skein size directed in Table 3, an error isintroduced when rounding off to full revolutions. Therefore,the calculated values for cr

20、imp contraction, etc., should only becompared with other samples of yarn of the same lineardensity.5.4 OptionAused with crimp development Condition 1 (dryheat oven at 120C (248F) and light loads of 0.04 mN/tex(0.5 mgf/den) and 0.44 mN/tex (5.0 mgf/den) are recom-mended for textured polyester yarns.A

21、ll crimp parameters maybe calculated.5.5 Option B may also be used with crimp developmentCondition 1 (dry heat) for textured polyester yarns. Crimpcontraction may be calculated. When used to duplicate or toutilize suitable mechanical yarn handling devices,3alternateskein size and weights may be used

22、 as described in 6.5.2 and9.3.2.5.6 Option C used with crimp development Condition 2(water bath at 82C (180F) and a light load of 0.13 mN/tex(1.5 mgf/den) is recommended for textured nylon yarns. Fortextured polyester yarns, Condition 3 (water bath at 97C(206F) is recommended. Only bulk shrinkage is

23、 calculated.5.7 This test method for the measurement of bulk propertiesis not recommended for acceptance testing of commercialshipments because of lack of precision data.5.7.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative

24、 tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homoge-neous as possible, drawn from the material from which thedisparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned inequal number

25、s to each laboratory for testing. The test resultsfrom the two laboratories should be compared using a statis-tical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen priorto the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must befound and corrected, or future test results for that mater

26、ial mustbe adjusted in consideration of the known bias.6. Apparatus36.1 Skein Reel:6.1.1 GeneralA hand or motor-driven reel having a speci-fied perimeter. The reel shall be fitted with a traversingmechanism that will avoid bunching the successive wraps, andwith an indicator of the length wound. A wa

27、rning bell that willring at a specified length is recommended. A collapsible arm isrecommended for ease of removal of skeins. A revolutioncounter is also recommended.6.1.2 Reel PerimeterThe perimeter shall be 1.0 m (1.09yd) with a tolerance of 62 %. By agreement between pur-chaser and supplier, reel

28、s may be used having any perimeterbetween 0.9 to 2.3 m (1 to 2.5 yd).6.1.3 Yarn TensioningTo minimize differences in yarntensioning a motor driven unit with speeds at 150 6 20revolutions/min is recommended. Tensions should be as low aspossible and no additional tensioning device is required for a3Th

29、e sole source of supply of the Textured Yarn Apparatus known to thecommittee at this time is Lawson-Hemphill Sales, Inc., PO Drawer 6388,Spartanburg, SC 29304 or (International Sales) Lawson-Hemphill, Inc., 96 HadwinStreet, Central Falls, Rhode Island, 02863. If you are aware of alternative supplier

30、s,please provide this information toASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.TABLE 1 Tension Forces Used and Required WeightsTension-mN/tex mgf/denWeight Required in Grams1.7 to 44.4 texA(15 to 400 den

31、)44.5 to 89.0 texB(401 to 800 den)For Options A, B, C:0.04 0.5 2.5 3.80.13 1.5 7.5 11.30.22 2.5 12.5 18.80.44 5.0 25.0 37.50.88 10.0 50.0 75.88.83 100.0 500.0 750.0For Option B Only:0.10 1.1 2.5C.0.98 11.1 25.0C.9.82 11.1 250.0C.For Option C Only:0.13 1.5DA555.5-tex (5000-denier) skein.B833.3-tex (7

32、500-denier) skein.CFor 250-tex (2250-denier) skein.DVariable, see Eq 1.TABLE 2 Weight Option CombinationsOptionLoadingRecommendedCrimp Develop-ment ConditionResultsObtainedBeforeDevelop-mentDuringDevelop-mentAfterDevelop-mentA lightheavylight lightheavylight1 CCBD,CCADSS, CRB . none heavylight2nd li

33、ght1 CCADC light light light 2 or 3 BKSTABLE 3 Total Size (Linear Density) of SkeinLinear Density of Yarn Linear Density of SkeinAOptions A, B, C:1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier) 555.5 tex (5000 denier)44.5 to 89.0 tex (401 to 800 denier) 833.5 tex (7500 denier)Option B Only (for mechanical device

34、):1.7 to 44.4 text (15 to 400 denier) 250 tex (2250 denier)Option C Only:1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier)BASee Eq 2, and Note 1.B100 Revolutions, linear density of skein varies.D4031 07 (2018)2motor driven reel. For a hand driven reel additional tensioningmay be needed for yarn control. In no case

35、 should the tensionexceed 13 mN/tex (0.15 gf/den).6.2 Measuring StandA stand with a measuring scale, inmm, and a hook to position the skein vertically in line with thescale zero.6.3 Heating RackA rack to support skeins during treat-ment and while cooling or drying. The rack and measuringstand may be

36、 combined in one piece.6.4 Mechanical Yarn Handling Device.6.5 Weights, which have a mass accurate to 60.1 g, fortensioning skeins:6.5.1 For Options A, B, and C, having mass dependent onyarn denier as shown below and listed in Table 1:6.5.1.1 1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier): 2.5, 7.5, 12.5,25.0,

37、50.0 and 500.0 g.6.5.1.2 44.5 to 93.3 tex (401 to 840 denier): 3.8, 11.3, 18.8,37.5, 75.0, and 750 g.6.5.2 For Option B only, where suitable mechanical deviceis utilized or duplicated, a variation in skein size loading isused as shown in Table 1 and below.6.5.2.1 1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier):

38、2.5, 27.5 and 250g.6.5.3 For Option C, calculate the mass required, using Eq 1.W 5 2 3 T!L 3 R! (1)where:W = mass, g,T = tension, mN/tex (gf/den),L = yarn linear density, tex (denier), andR = 100, the number of reel revolutions.6.6 Equipment for Developing Crimp by the Specified Con-dition:6.6.1 Ove

39、nFor crimp development Condition 1, an ovenwith temperature controls to maintain a temperature of 120 62C (250 6 4F) and large enough to hold skeins and attachedweights vertically without the weights touching the oven floor.6.6.2 WaterbathFor crimp development Conditions 2 and3, a water bath capable

40、 of maintaining a water temperature of82 6 2C (180 6 4F) or of 97 6 2C (206 6 4F), and largeenough to hold skeins and attached weights vertically withoutthe weights touching the tank bottom (see Sections 5 and 6).6.7 Stopwatch, or suitable timer.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleTake a lot sample of shipping

41、 containers asdirected in an applicable specification, or as agreed uponbetween the purchaser and supplier. In the absence of anapplicable specification or agreement, take a lot sample asdirected in Practice D2258. Consider shipping containers ofyarn to be the primary sampling unit.7.2 Laboratory Sa

42、mpleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, from the combined number of primary samplingunits, take four randomly selected packages from each con-tainer. Select the packages randomly from the containers in thelot sample as directed in Practice D2258.7.3 Number of SpecimensTest three specimen

43、s from eachpackage of yarn in the laboratory sampling unit.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition each package in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles which is 70 6 2F (21 6 1C) and 65 6 2%relative humidity as directed in Practice D1776 (7.3 and 7.5),prior to winding skeins.9. Preparation of Test Speci

44、mens9.1 Determine linear density of yarn by either of TestMethods D1059 or Test Method D1907, unless known.9.2 Strip approximately 30 m (30 yd) of yarn from eachpackage and prepare skeins in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles as directed in 9.3.9.3 Skein Sizes:9.3.1 Options A, B, and CReel

45、the skeins as directed inTable 3 (see Eq 2). The number of turns required for a skeinsize (linear density) of 555.5 tex (5000 denier) and yarn lineardensities of 1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier) are given in Table4. For higher tex up to 89.0 tex (800 denier), the number ofwraps per skein is determ

46、ined using Eq 2, raising any fractionalwrap result to the next highest whole number.R 5 S/2D (2)where:R = number of reel revolutions required in the skein,S = size (linear density) of the skein, tex (denier),D = yarn linear density, tex (denier), and2 = number of legs of skein.NOTE 1It is understood

47、 that the actual linear density of the reel skeinsis not equal to the size (linear density) selected for the calculation of reelrevolutions. The use of linear density to describe the total size of the skeinis common in the textured yarn industry.9.3.2 Option BWhere suitable mechanical device is uti-

48、lized or duplicated for deniers 1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400), a 250tex (2250 total skein denier) may be used. Calculate thenumber of revolutions, using Eq 2.9.3.3 Option CIn the case of a reel having a 1-m circum-ference where a skein of 100 m is used the number ofrevolutions will be 100. Where reels

49、 of other circumferencesare used, a correction must be made for the number ofrevolutions by dividing by reel circumference in metres.Depending on linear density and reel circumference loadingweights must be calculated in each case, using Eq 1.10. Procedure10.1 Make all length measurements in the standard atmo-sphere for testing textiles.10.2 Test the skeins as directed in 10.3, 10.4,or10.5.10.3 Option A:10.3.1 Crimp contraction before and after development(CCBD and CCAD) skein shrinkages (SS), bulk shrinkage(BKS), and crimp recovery (CR) may be cal