ASTM D909-2017 Standard Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline《用于火花点火航空汽油增压率的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D909 17 Method 6012.6Federal TestMethod Standard No. 791bDesignation: 119/96Standard Test Method forSupercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D909; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforig

2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department

3、of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitativedetermination of supercharge ratings of spark-ignition aviationgasoline. The sample fuel is tested using a standardized singlecylinder, four-stroke cycle, indirect injected, liquid cooled,CFR engine run in accordance with a d

4、efined set of operatingconditions.1.2 The supercharge rating is calculated by linear interpo-lation of the knock limited power of the sample compared tothe knock limited power of bracketing reference fuel blends.1.3 The rating scale covers the range from 85 octanenumber to Isooctane + 6.0 mL TEL U.S

5、. gal.1.4 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI unitsand are considered standard. The values in parentheses are thehistorical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR enginemeasurements and reference fuel concentrations continue to bein historical units.1.5 This standard does not purport

6、 to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautionary statements

7、 are given in Annex A1.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organizati

8、on TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptaneand Isooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline byAtomicAbsorp-tion SpectroscopyD33

9、41 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Mono-chloride MethodD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-troscopyD6299 Practice for Applying St

10、atistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 CFR Engine Manuals:3CFR F-4 Form 846 Supercharge Method Aviation GasolineRatin

11、g Unit Installation ManualCFR F-4 Form 893 Supercharge Method Aviation GasolineRating Unit Operation ”it is the softest knock that the operator can definitely andrepeatedly recognize by ear although it may not be audible onevery combustion cycle (intermittent knock). The variations inknock intensity

12、 can occasionally include loud knocks and very4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.5Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD090901. Original adjunct produced in 1953.6Available from ASTM International Head

13、quarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD090902. Original adjunct produced in 1953.7See The Internal-Combustion Engine by Taylor and Taylor, InternationalTextbook Company, Scranton, PA.D909 172light knocks. These variations can also change with mixtureratio; the steadiest knock typically occurring in the vici

14、nity of0.09 fuel-air ratio.3.1.19 supercharge performance number, na numericalvalue arbitrarily assigned to the supercharge ratings above 100ON.3.1.20 supercharge rating, nthe numerical rating of theknock resistance of a fuel obtained by comparison of itsknock-limited power with that of primary refe

15、rence fuel blendswhen both are tested in a standard CFR engine operating underthe conditions specified in this test method.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 ARVaccepted reference value3.2.2 ABDCafter bottom dead center3.2.3 ATDCafter top dead center3.2.4 BBDCbefore bottom dead center3.2.5 BMEPbreak mean effec

16、tive pressure3.2.6 BTDCbefore top dead center3.2.7 C.R.compression ratio3.2.8 FMEPfriction mean effective pressure3.2.9 IATintake air temperature3.2.10 IMEPindicated mean effective pressure3.2.11 NEGNational Exchange Group3.2.12 O.N.octane number3.2.13 PNperformance number3.2.14 PRFprimary reference

17、 fuel3.2.15 RTDresistance thermometer device (TerminologyE344) platinum type3.2.16 TDCtop dead center3.2.17 TELtetraethyllead3.2.18 UVultra violet4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The supercharge method rating of a fuel is determinedby comparing the knock-limited power of the sample to thosefor bracketin

18、g blends of reference fuels under standard oper-ating conditions. Testing is performed at fixed compressionratio by varying the intake manifold pressure and fuel flowrate, and measuring IMEP at a minimum of six points to definethe mixture response curves, IMEP versus fuel-air ratio, for thesample an

19、d reference fuels. The knock-limited power for thesample is bracketed between those for two adjacent referencefuels, and the rating for the sample is calculated by interpola-tion of the IMEP at the fuel-air ratio which produces maximumpower (IMEP) for the lower bracketing reference fuel.5. Significa

20、nce and Use5.1 Supercharge method ratings can provide an indication ofthe rich-mixture antiknock performance of aviation gasoline inaviation piston engines.5.2 Supercharge method ratings are used by petroleumrefiners and marketers and in commerce as a primary specifi-cation measurement to ensure pro

21、per matching of fuel anti-knock quality and engine requirement.5.3 Supercharge method ratings may be used by aviationengine and aircraft manufacturers as a specification measure-ment related to matching of fuels and engines.6. Interferences6.1 PrecautionAvoid exposure of sample fuels to sunlightor f

22、luorescent lamp UV emissions to minimize induced chemi-cal reactions that can affect octane number ratings.86.1.1 Exposure of these fuels to UV wavelengths shorterthan 550 nm for a short period of time can significantly affectoctane number ratings.6.2 Electrical power subject to transient voltage or

23、 fre-quency surges or distortion can alter CFR engine operatingconditions or knock measuring instrumentation performanceand thus affect the supercharge rating obtained for samplefuels.7. Apparatus7.1 Engine Equipment9This test method uses a singlecylinder, CFR engine that consists of standard compon

24、ents asfollows: crankcase, a cylinder/clamping sleeve, a thermalsiphon recirculating jacket coolant system, an intake air systemwith controlled temperature and pressure equipment, electricalcontrols, and a suitable exhaust pipe. The engine flywheel isconnected to a special electric dynamometer utili

25、zed to bothstart the engine and as a means to absorb power at constantspeed when combustion is occurring (engine firing). See Fig. 1and Table 1.7.1.1 The CFR Engines, Inc. designation for the apparatusrequired for this test method is Model CFR F-4 SuperchargeMethod Octane Rating Unit.7.2 Auxiliary E

26、quipmentA number of components anddevices have been developed to integrate the basic engineequipment into complete laboratory measurement system.8. Reference Materials8.1 Cylinder Jacket CoolantEthylene Glycol shall be usedin the cylinder jacket with the required amount of water toobtain a boiling t

27、emperature of 191 C 6 3 C (375 F 65 F). (WarningEthylene glycol based antifreeze is poison-ous and may be harmful or fatal if inhaled or swallowed. SeeAnnex A1.)8.1.1 Water shall be understood to mean reagent waterconforming to Type IV of Specification D1193.8.2 Engine Crankcase Lubricating OilAn SA

28、E 50 viscos-ity grade oil meeting the current API service classification for8Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1502. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.9The sole source of supply of the engine equipm

29、ent and instrumentation knownto the committee at this time is CFR Engines, Inc., N8 W22577, Johnson Dr.,Pewaukee, WI 53186. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of th

30、e responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.D909 173spark-ignition engines shall be used. It shall contain a detergentadditive and have a kinematic viscosity of 16.77 mm2/s to25.0 mm2/s (cSt) at 100 C (212 F) and a viscosity index ofnot less than 85. Oils containing viscosity index improv

31、ersshall not be used. Multigraded oils shall not be used.(WarningLubricating oil is combustible and its vapor isharmful. See Annex A1.)8.3 PRF, isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and n-heptanemeeting the specifications in Table 2.(WarningPrimaryreference fuel is flammable and its vapors are harmful.

32、 Vaporsmay cause flash fire. See Annex A1.)8.4 Tetraethyllead concentrated antiknock mixture (aviationmix) containing not less than 61.0 weight % of tetraethylleadand sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide two bromineatoms per atom of lead. The balance of the antiknock mixtureshall be a suitable o

33、xidation inhibitor, an oil-soluble dye toprovide a distinctive color for identification, and kerosene.8.4.1 Temperature CorrectionsIf the temperature of thefuel is below that of the TEL, the quantity of the TEL isincreased and vice versa as calculated by the coefficient ofexpansion, obtained from th

34、e supplier, of concentrated TEL.8.4.2 Analysis for TELIt is recommended that each blendof fuel, particularly drum blends, be analyzed for lead contentin accordance with standard test methods (see Test MethodsD3237, D3341, and D5059.)8.5 Isooctane+6.0 mL TELa mixture of isooctane andaviation mix tetr

35、aethyllead that contains 6.00 mL 6 0.05 mLoftetraethyllead per U.S. gallon (1.68 g 6 0.014 g of elementallead per litre) which may be blended with isooctane to preparereference fuel blends.8.5.1 Blend ratios for diluting isooctane+6.0 mL TEL withisooctane to prepare the reference fuel compositions t

36、hat areemployed in this test method are shown in Table 3.9. Sampling9.1 Collect samples in accordance with Practice D4057.9.2 Protection from LightCollect and store sample fuels inan opaque container, such as a dark brown glass bottle, metalcan, or a minimally reactive plastic container to minimizee

37、xposure to UV emissions from sources such as sunlight orfluorescent lamps.10. Basic Engine and Instrumentation Settings andStandard Operating Conditions10.1 Installation of Engine Equipment andInstrumentationInstallation of the engine and instrumenta-tion requires placement of the engine on a suitab

38、le foundationand hook-up of all utilities. Engineering and technical supportFIG. 1 Supercharge UnitD909 174for this function is required, and the user shall be responsibleto comply with all local and national codes and installationrequirements.10.1.1 Proper operation of the CFR engine requires assem

39、-bly of a number of engine components and adjustment of aseries of engine variables to prescribed specifications. Some ofthese settings are established by component specifications,others are established at the time of engine assembly or afteroverhaul, and still others are engine running conditions t

40、hatmust be observed or determined by the operator during thetesting process.10.2 Conditions Based on Component Specifications:10.2.1 Engine Speed, 1800 r min 6 45 r min, under bothfiring and non-firing conditions. The maximum variationthroughout a test shall not exceed 45 r min, exclusive offriction

41、 measurement.10.2.2 Compression Ratio, 7.0 to 1, fixed by adjustment ofthe clearance volume to 108 mL 6 0.5 mL on cylinders ofstandard bore by the bench tilt procedure.10.2.3 Indexing Flywheel to TDCWith the piston at thehighest point of travel in the cylinder, set the flywheel pointermark in alignm

42、ent with the 0 mark on the flywheel inaccordance with the instructions of the manufacturer.10.2.4 Valve TimingThe engine uses a four-stroke cyclewith two crankshaft revolutions for each complete combustioncycle. The two critical valve events are those that occur nearTDC; intake valve opening and exh

43、aust valve closing.10.2.4.1 Intake valve opening shall occur at 15.0 6 2.5BTDC with closing at 50 ABDC on one revolution of thecrankshaft and flywheel.10.2.4.2 Exhaust valve opening shall occur 50 BBDC onthe second revolution of the crankshaft and flywheel, withclosing at 15.0 6 2.5 ATDC on the next

44、 revolution of thecrankshaft and flywheel.10.2.5 Valve LiftIntake and exhaust cam lobe contours,while different in shape, shall have a contour rise of 8.00 mmto 8.25 mm (0.315 in. to 0.325 in.) from the base circle to thetop of the lobe.10.3 Assembly Settings and Operating Conditions:10.3.1 Spark Ad

45、vance, constant, 45.10.3.2 Spark-Plug Gap, 0.51 mm 6 0.13 mm (0.020 in. 60.003 in.).10.3.3 Ignition Settings:10.3.3.1 Breakerless ignition system basic setting for trans-ducer to rotor (vane) gap is 0.08 mm to 0.13 mm (0.003 in. to0.005 in.).10.3.4 Valve Clearances, 0.20 mm 6 0.03 mm (0.008 in. 60.0

46、01 in.) for the intake, 0.25 mm 6 0.03 mm (0.010 in. 60.001 in.) for the exhaust, measured with the engine hot andrunning at equilibrium under standard operating conditions ona reference fuel of 100 octane number at the fuel-air ratio formaximum power and an absolute manifold pressure of101.6 kPa (3

47、0 in. Hg).10.3.5 Oil Pressure, 0.41 MPa 6 0.03 MPa (60 psi 6 5 psi)gage in the oil gallery leading to the crankshaft bearings.10.3.6 Oil Temperature, 74 C 6 3 C (165 F 6 5 F) atthe entrance to the oil gallery.10.3.6.1 Engine Crankcase Lubricating Oil Level:(1) Engine Stopped and ColdOil added to the

48、 crankcaseso that the level is near the top of the sight glass will typicallyprovide the controlling engine running and hot operating level.(2) Engine Running and HotOil level shall be approxi-mately mid-position in the crankcase oil sight glass.10.3.7 Coolant Temperature, 191 C 6 3 C (375 F 65 F) i

49、n the top of the coolant return line from the condenser tothe cylinder.10.3.8 Fuel Pump Pressure, 0.10 MPa 6 0.01 MPa (15 psi6 2 psi) in the gallery.TABLE 1 General Rating Unit Characteristics and InformationCylinder 7.0 : 1 C.R. - FixedStandard Bore, in. 3.25Stroke, in. 4.5Displacement, cu in. 37.33Valve gear enclosedRocker arm bushing needleIntake valve plain with rotatorExhaust valve sodium cooled with rotatorValve felts both valvesPiston aluminumCompression rings:Type keystoneNumber required 3Oil control rings:Typ