[外语类试卷]2007年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析.doc

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1、2007年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Scientists now tend to agree that the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70 decibels. Some of them are very concerned because normal daily life often exposes people to noise levels of about 70 decibels even inside their homes

2、. Cities have always been noisy, but noise is now spreading to areas that were quiet just a few years ago. Clearly, something must be done or noise will seriously and permanently maim the populatioa Fortunately, the knowledge and methods to control noise already exist As a matter of fact, this is on

3、e instance where the knowledge of control methods exceeds the knowledge about the effects on human life and on the environment There are two common means for control. The first is reducing noise at its source, and the second is changing the sound path by distance or by shielding. The second approach

4、 is being used more often today as people become more aware of the danger of noise. New building codes require better sound insulation in homes and apartments. More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy factories or airports from residential areas. Sound-absorbent

5、materials and construction designed to block sound paths are slowly coming into use in offices and homes. New highways are being built to redirect traffic noise up and away from nearby areas. Aircraft are increasingly being required to use reduced power flights around airports. There are many exampl

6、es of available noise control methods that are not being used. More flexible building codes would permit the use of quieter kinds of plumbing pipes. Sound-absorbing materials can reduce the noise of motors and engines. Power generators van be quieted with baffles, exhaust silencers, and sound absorb

7、ers. Truck tires can be made with quieter treads. In many cases, the cost of building quieter machines is the same or only slightly higher than that of the current noisy ones. Even though the new equipment may cost more initially, it can prove more profitable in the long run. The new jumbo jets, for

8、 example, are quieter than the older ones, yet they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers. All of these methods are only partial measures as noisy levels continue to rise. Most specialists in the field agree that much of the solution must come from eliminating some of the noise at its

9、 source, therefore saving through prevention the large costs of hearing loss. 1 The noise level for possible bearing loss begins at about_. （ A） 30 decibels （ B） 75 decibels （ C） 100 decibels （ D） none of the above 2 Jet pilots are being advised to land_. （ A） on longer runways （ B） from nearby area

10、s （ C） after dark （ D） with reduced power 3 How many practical means for controlling noise does the author present? （ A） one （ B） two （ C） three （ D） four 4 The reader can assume that airport of the future will_. （ A） have runways in a north-south pattern （ B） be located in unpopulated areas （ C） be

11、 required to warn passengers of high noise levels （ D） in nearby areas 5 Jumbo jets are mentioned as examples of_. （ A） efficient transportation with low levels of noise （ B） vehicles that cause serious air pollution （ C） scientific advances that do more harm than good （ D） quieter and older vehicle

12、 5 Every time a person eats something he makes a nutritional decisioa He accepts or rejects the food available to him at home for meals or snacks. Or he selects food for himself at many places in the community, such as supermarkets, drive-ins, restaurants, and food counters in drugstores. These sele

13、ctions make a difference in how an individual looks, how he feels, and how well he can work and play. When a good assortment of food in appropriate amounts is selected and eaten, the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health and enough energy to allow one to be as active as one

14、needs and wants to be. When choices are less than desirable, the consequences are likely to be poor health or limited energy or both. Studies of diets of individuals in the United States show that food selection is a highly individual matter, even among young childrea Furthermore, far too many indiv

15、iduals of all ages ale making poor choices day after day and are either now living with the consequences or will be in the future. Nutritionists and workers in allied professions have been concerned about helping people learn to select and enjoy a wide variety of food combinations that can add up to

16、 a good diet Most people believe that they are well fed-that the choices they make are good ones. After all, they are not really sick, neither are they hungry. However, their nutrition is usually poor in one respect or another. Milk and milk products, such as cheeses, ice cream or milk, buttermilk,

17、and yogurt, are often slighted. Then people may skip many fruits and vegetables, particularly those that are good sources of vitamins A and C. These include dark green. Leafy vegetables;deep yellow vegetables;and citrus fruits and vegetables, such as cabbage, tomatoes, and green peppers. Every Ameri

18、can has the right to choose to be uniformed about nutrition as well as to be informed. If a person believes that she is well fed, attitudes, habits, and information cannot be forced upon her. There are life situations, however, that tend to cause all individual to want to know how to make the best c

19、hoices. For example, a young couple is starting a family and must prepare food for young children. 6 Food preference in America is_. （ A） culturally oriented （ B） inherited （ C） individualistic （ D） according to ages 7 Good amounts of vitamin A can be found in_. （ A） celery （ B） banana （ C） milk （ D

20、） cabbage 8 According to the author, nutritionists are concerned with_. （ A） improving the vitamin content of processed foods （ B） restricting the manufacture of high cholesterol foods （ C） informing the public about wholesome foods （ D） helping people enjoying uninformed about nutrition 9 Some peop

21、le judge their nutrition by the _. （ A） status of their health （ B） grocery stores where they shop （ C） amount of protein in their diets （ D） food they took 10 The author advocates_. （ A） requiring high school students to take courses on nutrition （ B） making information on nutrition available to th

22、e public （ C） forcing food manufacturers to list ingredients on packages （ D） people has the right to choose food 10 Almost since the beginning of mankind, governments have been recording the numbers of their populace. The first known census report took place in 3800 B. C. in Babylonia for the purpo

23、se of deciding who should pay taxes. As time went by, governments found other, more creative uses for knowing their numbers. Egyptian King Ramses II used the census not only to determine who should pay taxes, but also to figure out how to divide land for farming and to decide who could provide manpo

24、wer for various government projects. These new ideas came about in the mid-1200s-B. C William the Conqueror brought the concept of census taking to England in 1085. All landowners were required to name their holdings for the purpose of taxation. By the fifteenth century, Tudor kings found a new twis

25、t to the Egyptians use of the census. They too used the population count as a means of getting ready manpower for important government projects namely, replenishing troops in the ongoing battles in western Europe. A rebellious tide swept over England, however, in the mid-1700s. A bill to authorize a

26、 regular census was defeated in Parliament on the grounds that it would give valuable information to Englands enemies. But the tide of rebellion soon turned, and in 1800 England established its first regular census. Meanwhile the United States had already had an ongoing census for ten years. It was

27、authorized in the Constitution for the purpose of deciding how many members of Congress would be needed for a fair representation of the American people. The constitutional article also established that the census would be taken in 1790 and every ten years thereafter. And so it has. Since its beginn

28、ing, the American census has gone through many changes. Today the census provides more than a count of the people who live here. It takes polls on transportation, economic planning, and agriculture. The census also provides data for most government agency statistics, such as the unemployment rate. C

29、ounting costs have risen since 1790. The government spent about a penny per person to count pest Revolutionary Americans. Today the census costs $ 250 millionmore than a dollar per person. It hats a long way since 3800 B. C 11 The first known census report took place in Babylonia in_. （ A） 1085 （ B）

30、 1200B. （ C） 3800B.C. （ D） 1790 12 The first census was created for the sole purpose of_. （ A） counting available troops （ B） dividing farmland （ C） providing manpower （ D） taxing the populace 13 The American census today costs the government approximately_. （ A） $0.01/person （ B） $0.10/person （ C）

31、$1.00/person （ D） $ 10.00/person 14 Parliament defeated a bill authorizing a regular census because it_. （ A） might give valuable news to England （ B） would give Englands enemies cause for rebellion （ C） would be too expensive （ D） might disclose information to Englands enemies 15 The author implies

32、 the American census is_. （ A） relatively inexpensive to conduct （ B） important to various government branches （ C） an exact count of the citizenry （ D） fairly expensive before 1790 15 It didnt happen overnight The problem of polluted air has been festering for centuries. Suddenly the problem of air

33、 pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes. Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no longer be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit

34、is air pollution. Todays air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civilization. Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass production. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the envir

35、onment These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesticide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases, and sometimes soil particles. These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life. More dangerously, they join together to act upon the environment

36、 Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences. Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollution on trees. They do know, however, that sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and ozone destroy trees and that individual trees respond differ

37、ently to the numerous particulate and gaseous pollutants. Sometimes trees growing in a single area under attack by pollutants will show symptoms of injury or will die while their neighbors remain healthy. Scientists believe this difference in response depends on the kind of tree and its genetic make

38、up. Other factors, such as the trees stage of growth and nearness to the pollution source, the amount of pollutant, and the length of the pollution attack also play a part In short, whether or not a tree dies as a result of air pollution depends on a combination of host and envimnmental factors. For

39、 the most part, air pollutants injure trees. To conifers, which have year-round needles, air pollution causes early balding. In this event, trees cannot maintain normal food production levels. Undernourished and weakened, they are open to attack by a host of insects, diseases, and other environmenta

40、l stresses. Death often follows. Air pollution may also cause hardwoods to lose their leaves. Because their leaves are borne only for a partion of the year and are replaced the following year, air pollution injury to hardwoods may not be so severe. 16 The author attributes todays air pollution to_.

41、（ A） the growth of civilization （ B） mans carelessness （ C） environmental imbalance （ D） some mysterious cause 17 The resistance of some trees to disease can be traced to_. （ A） protective foliage （ B） thick bark （ C） genetic makeup （ D） tainted air 18 Air pollution causes the most damage to _. （ A）

42、 hardwoods （ B） conifers （ C） fruit trees （ D） fluorides 19 The author implies that the greatest source of pollution is_. （ A） heavy industry （ B） chemical processing plants （ C） urban expansion （ D） salt spray 20 We can conclude that_. （ A） air pollution is easier to control than water pollution （

43、B） the problem of polluted air is a problem overnight （ C） the impact of air pollution has been known for centuries （ D） research on the efforts of air pollution is incomplete 二、 Structure and Vocabulary 21 Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the frugal traveler. （ A） careful （ B） c

44、lever （ C） ignorant （ D） economical 22 Thick with trees and sparse with homes, this tranquil area 50 miles north of Houston could be a slice of heaven. （ A） molten （ B） serene （ C） isolated （ D） snobbish 23 Accommodations must be made for students with learning disabilities. （ A） criminal （ B） pump

45、（ C） psychology （ D） lodgings 24 History was being catalogued here, the missed opportunities, blunders, and outright mistakes. （ A） attempts （ B） insults （ C） mistakes （ D） arguments 25 The press mocked his attempts to appeal to young voters. （ A） ridiculed （ B） entertained （ C） ignored （ D） drew 26

46、 The federal court has been putting pressure on the state to adhere to the population caps in the decree. （ A） encounter （ B） stick to ; （ C） prepare （ D） anticipate 27 Widespread wage reductions were imposed during the recession of 19061909 and price inflation thereafter impeded the recovery of rea

47、l wage levels. （ A） convoluted （ B） belied （ C） encumbered （ D） stoked 28 Helplessly she blinked up at him, feeling a slow lethargy creep through her whole body. （ A） provision （ B） cylinder （ C） contradiction （ D） exhaustion 29 The attack was meticulously planned and executed. （ A） negligently （ B）

48、 slovenly （ C） fussily （ D） discreetly 30 At the same time, medical and social science research began to indicate that retirement itself had detrimental effects. （ A） damaging （ B） magnificent （ C） useful （ D） relevant 31 The batteries can be recharged when they run_. （ A） over （ B） down （ C） out （

49、D） along 32 The rioters headed downtown, _they attacked city halL （ A） since （ B） as （ C） whereupon （ D） yet 33 Mondays earthquake_windows and woke residents. （ A） slammed （ B） prosecuted （ C） rattled （ D） pierced 34 Environmentalists_that it will not be easy to persuade car drivers to, use their: vehicles less often. （ A） deliver （ B） deserve （ C） contrast （ D） concede 35 Lately, the restaurant chain, which_mainly to blue-collar diners, has been hu