[外语类试卷]2011年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析.doc

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1、2011年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new Jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of

2、 sum needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-terra finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in ex

3、change for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business is new development if they are to serve us properly, and requires more money than is raised through the Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals both at home an

4、d overseas. When the saver needs his money back he does not have to go to the company with which he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker(证券经纪人 )to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money. Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us a

5、re provided by the Government or by local authorities. Hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, equipment and new development, if they are to serve us properly, require more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequentl

6、y need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and then too, come to the Stock Exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or ano

7、ther this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance. 1 Almost all companies involved in new production and development must_. （ A） rely on their own financial resources （ B） persuad

8、e the banks to provide long-term finance （ C） borrow large sums of money from friends and people we know （ D） depend on the population as a whole for finance 2 The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is_. （ A） repaid to its original owners as soon as possible （ B） rai

9、sed by the selling of shares in the companies （ C） exchanged for part ownership in The Stock Exchange （ D） invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange 3 When the savers want their money back they_. （ A） ask another company to obtain their money for them （ B） look for other people to borrow

10、 money from （ C） put their shares in the company back on the market （ D） transfer their money to a more successful company 4 All the essential services on which we depend are_. （ A） run by the Government or our local authorities （ B） in constant need of financial support （ C） financed wholly by rate

11、s and taxes （ D） unable to provide for the needs of the population 5 The Stock exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries_. （ A） to borrow as much money as they wish （ B） to make certain everybody saves money （ C） to raise money to finance new develo

12、pments （ D） to make certain everybody lends money to them 5 There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary f

13、or a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable(寓言 )of this semi-animal

14、, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures and that the one without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fo

15、x cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would no

16、t be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of e

17、xamples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and

18、dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived. 6 The writer does not believe that_. （ A） the truth makes men free （ B） people can protect themselves （ C） princes are human （ D） leaders

19、have to be consistent 7 “Prince“ in the passage designates_. （ A） anyone in power （ B） elected officials （ C） aristocrats （ D） sons of kings 8 The lion represents those who are_. （ A） too trusting （ B） reliant on force only （ C） strong and powerful （ D） lacking in force 9 The fox, in the passage, is

20、_. （ A） admired for his trickery （ B） no match for the lion （ C） pitied for his wiles （ D） considered worthless 10 The writer suggests that a successful leader must_. （ A） be prudent and faithful （ B） cheat and lie （ C） have principle to guide his actions （ D） follow the truth 10 In recent years, te

21、achers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today, excellent anthologies(文选 )and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian Americans are published almost wee

22、kly. Even professors who are expels in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students; non-expels who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position. A complicating factor has been t

23、he continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses(and professors in related fields)to look up basic information on Asian American individu

24、als, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through(费力地阅读冗长而艰深的材料 )mountains of primary source material. In addition, given such works, Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, s

25、ince good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material. 11 The author is primarily concerned with_. （ A） responding to a criticism （ B） describing a course of study （ C） discussing a problem （ D） evaluating

26、a past course of action 12 The “dilemma“(Line 2, Para.l)can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a_. （ A） lack of acceptable alternatives （ B） lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives （ C） preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to

27、 good （ D） multitude of different alternatives 13 Biographical dictionaries and desktop encyclopedias are_. （ A） primary source materials （ B） introductory texts （ C） excellent anthologies （ D） reference materials 14 Which of the following is implied about the introductory courses in Asian American

28、studies a few decades ago? （ A） The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such was extremely limited. （ B） The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students. （ C） Students often complained about the texts assigned to them, in such courses.

29、（ D） Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources. 15 According to the passage, the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Americans could result in_. （ A） increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality

30、 of the sources available in their field （ B） an increase in the number of students sighing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies （ C） increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian American history and culture （ D） the inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in intr

31、oductory reading lists in Asian American studies 15 Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect on peoples physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particles, and generally there is

32、 a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm, earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral, Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries.

33、Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens. When a large number of positive ions are present, in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigu

34、e, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance. Animals are also affected, particularly before earthquakes, snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has l

35、ed the U.S. Geographical Survey to fund a network, of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California. Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that

36、 produce these large amounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls. To increase the supply of nega

37、tive ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionisers: small portable machines, which generate negative ions. They claim that ionisers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other sci

38、entists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative / positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all it is debatable whether depending on seismic readings t

39、o anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat. 16 What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people? （ A） They think they are insane. （ B） They become rather bad-tempered. （ C） They become violently sick. （ D） They are too tired to do anything. 17 In accordance wi

40、th the passage, static electricity can be caused by_. （ A） using home-made goods （ B） wearing clothes made of natural materials （ C） walking on carpets （ D） cleaning computer screens 18 A high negative ion count is likely to be found_. （ A） near a parking lot （ B） close to a slow-flowing river （ C）

41、in some barren mountains （ D） by a rotating water sprinkler 19 What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors? （ A） Ionisers. （ B） Air-conditioners. （ C） Exhaust-fans （ D） Vacuum pumps. 20 According to the passage, some scientists believe that_. （ A） watching animals to anticipate earthquak

42、es is more effective than depending on seismography （ B） the unusual behavior of animals cannot be explained （ C） neither watching nor using seismographs is reliable （ D） earthquake cannot be predicted 二、 Structure and Vocabulary 21 He is the author of this novel with high_in the country. （ A） coher

43、ence （ B） prestige （ C） consequence （ D） commitment 22 While typing, Kathy had a habit of stopping_to give her long and flowing hair a smooth. （ A） promptly （ B） simultaneously （ C） eventually （ D） occasionally 23 We_that he cannot finish the work before June 15. （ A） prosecute （ B） meddle （ C） pres

44、ume （ D） mingle 24 As for love of children, this love is_expressed through supplying material comforts, amusements, and educational opportunities. （ A） increasingly （ B） tolerably （ C） dynamically （ D） obediently 25 It is necessary for the valuable species to_itself in order to stay in existence. （

45、A） infer （ B） propagate （ C） inject （ D） jerk 26 While admiring that this forecast was_uncertain, the scientists warned against treating it as a cry of wolf. （ A） anyhow （ B） somewhere （ C） somewhat （ D） anyway 27 The Supreme Court_the judgment of the lower court. （ A） amplified （ B） affirmed （ C） a

46、scended （ D） applauded 28 It is difficult to_this goal if you work hard continuously. （ A） attribute to （ B） audit （ C） bare （ D） attain 29 The English language contains a(an)_ of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. （ A） altitude （ B） latitude （ C） multitude （ D） atti

47、tude 30 Many reported that the general military message they received was that, as nurses, they were expected to be_strong. （ A） empirically （ B） eminently （ C） emulously （ D） emotionally 31 More than two hundred years ago the United States_from the British Empire and became all independent country.

48、 （ A） got off （ B） pulled down （ C） broke away （ D） drop off 32 Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children_a violent act previously seen on television. （ A） modifying （ B） duplicating （ C） accelerating （ D） stimulating 33 We are writing to the manager_the repairs recently carrie

49、d out at the above address. （ A） with the exception of （ B） with the purpose of （ C） with reference to （ D） with a view to 34 Although most dreams apparently happen_, dream activity may be provoked by external influences. （ A） spontaneously （ B） simultaneously （ C） homogeneously （ D） instantaneously 35 We_a figure of a man clinging to the mast of the ship. （ A） discerned （ B） dispatched （ C） dissipated （ D） diminished 36 Enthus