ASTM C219-2014a Standard Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement《有关水硬性水泥的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: C219 14aStandard Terminology Relating toHydraulic Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C219; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi

2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology defines terms relating to hydrauliccements, their components, characteristics, properties, and thetesting thereof. Some terms may have wider ap

3、plication thanjust to hydraulic cement.1.2 See individual standards for terms applicable primarilytherein, including meanings that may be more restrictive thanthose given here, and for explanations and descriptions ofterms as they apply to those standards.1.3 This standard does not purport to addres

4、s all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C11 Terminology

5、Relating to Gypsum and Related BuildingMaterials and SystemsC51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as usedby the Industry)C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-crete AggregatesC595/C595M Specification for Blended

6、Hydraulic CementsC1328 Specification for Plastic (Stucco) CementC1329 Specification for Mortar Cement2.2 ACI Standard:ACI 116R Cement and Concrete Terminology33. Significance and Use3.1 In definitions of cements, ingredients are cited onlywhen they are inherent to the definition, for example portlan

7、d-pozzolan cement. For ingredients and their quantity limits, ifany, that are permitted or prohibited by a specification for aparticular cement, see the applicable specification for thatcement.3.2 In definitions of materials including cements, themethod of production is included only if it is inhere

8、nt to thedefinition.3.3 Related terms may be found in other terminologydocuments such as Terminology C11, Terminology C51, Ter-minology C125, and ACI 116R.4. Terminologyaddition, na material that is interground or blended inlimited amounts into a hydraulic cement during manufac-ture.DISCUSSIONTwo cl

9、asses of additions are recognized as definedbelow.functional addition,nan addition introduced to modifyone or more properties of a hydraulic cement.air-entraining addition,na functional addition that willentrain air in mortar or concrete.processing addition,nan addition introduced to aid inthe manuf

10、acture or handling, or both, of a hydraulic cement.air-entraining addition, nsee addition; functional addi-tion; air-entraining addition.air content, nof freshly mixed mortar the volume of air (andother gases) in mortar, expressed as a percentage of totalvolume of mortar.air-entraining hydraulic cem

11、ent, na hydraulic cementcontaining an air-entraining addition in such amount as tocause air to be entrained in mortar within specified limitswhen measured by the prescribed method.alkali equivalent, ndeprecated term; see equivalent alka-lies.aluminous cement, ndeprecated term.anhydrite, nsee calcium

12、 sulfate.blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consistingessentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C01 on Cementand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.91 on Terminology.Current edition approved Aug.

13、1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originallyapproved in 1948. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C219 14. DOI:10.1520/C0219-14A2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inform

14、ation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor

15、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simul-taneously with iron in a blast furnace.blended hydraulic cement, na hydraulic cement consistingof two or more inorganic constituents (at least one of whichis not portland c

16、ement or portland cement clinker) whichseparately or in combination contribute to the strength-gaining properties of the cement, (made with or withoutother constituents, processing additions and functionaladditions, by intergrinding or other blending).portland blast-furnace slag cement,na hydraulic

17、cementconsisting of an intimate and uniform blend of portlandcement and granulated blast-furnace slag or slag cementproduced by intergrinding portland cement clinker andgranulated blast-furnace slag or slag cement; by blendingportland cement and slag cement; or by a combination ofintergrinding and b

18、lending, in which the amount of thegranulated blast-furnace slag or slag cement constituent iswithin specified limits.portland-limestone cement,na hydraulic cementconsisting of an intimate and uniform blend of portlandcement and limestone produced by intergrinding portlandcement clinkerand limestone

19、; by blending portland cementand finely divided limestone; or by a combination ofintergrinding and blending, in which the amount of thelimestone constituent is within specified limits.portland-pozzolan cement,na hydraulic cementconsisting of an intimate and uniform blend of portlandcement or portlan

20、d blast-furnace slag cement and finepozzolan produced by intergrinding portland cementclinker and pozzolan; by blending portland cementor portland blast-furnace slag cement and finely dividedpozzolan; or by a combination of intergrinding andblending, in which the amount of the pozzolan constituentis

21、 within specified limits.DISCUSSIONPortland blast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestonecement, and portland-pozzolan cement are all blended hydrauliccements. See Specification C595/C595M for constituent limits.blending, nin hydraulic cement manufacture, a process inwhich two or more ingredients ar

22、e combined into an intimateand uniform product of finely divided dry material, as byintergrinding or mixing, or both.calcium sulfate, nin cement manufacture, a material com-posed essentially of calcium sulfate in one or more of itshydration states: anhydrite (CaSO4), gypsum(CaSO42H2O), or calcium su

23、lfate hemihydrate (CaSO412H2O).calibration, nof measuring instrument, a process that, underspecified conditions and following a standard procedure,establishes metrological traceability by determining: (1) therelationship between the quantity values provided by mea-surement standards or certified ref

24、erence materials and thecorresponding indications from a measuring instrument orsystem; and (2) the estimated uncertainty of measurementsmade subsequently with the instrument or system.DISCUSSIONCalibration takes into account systematic error (or bias)of the measuring instrument or system as well as

25、 random error that isassociated with the use of the measurement instrument or system anderror associated with the measurement standards or certified referencematerials. Calibration should not be confused with an adjustment of ameasuring instrument or with verification of a measuring instrument.Somet

26、imes the first step alone is mistakenly called calibration, butperforming only the first step is the process of standardization. In testsof concrete and concrete aggregates, standardization of measuringinstruments or systems is often sufficient.cementitious material, (hydraulic), nan inorganic mater

27、ialor a mixture of inorganic materials that sets and developsstrength by chemical reaction with water by formation ofhydrates and that is capable of doing so underwater.cement paste, nan unhardened or hardened mixture of finelydivided hydraulic cementious material and water.early stiffening, nrapid

28、loss of plasticity or rapid develop-ment of rigidity in freshly mixed hydraulic cement paste,mortar, or concrete.false set, nwith little evolution of heat, which can bedispelled by further mixing without the addition of water.flash set, nwith evolution of considerable heat, which cannotbe dispelled

29、by further mixing without the addition of water.equivalent alkalies, Na2Oeq, nin hydraulic cement, the totalof sodium and potassium oxides as calculated from thechemical analysis, and using the formula:Na2Oeq=%Na2O + 0.658%K2O.DISCUSSIONUsed to indicate the levels of alkalies in a materialwhen only

30、Na2O and K2O are considered. The value, 0.658, is themolecular ratio of Na2OtoK2O. Alkali equivalent, soda equivalent,and sodium equivalent are deprecated terms.expansive hydraulic cement, na hydraulic cement thatforms a paste when mixed with water, and increases involume a controlled amount during

31、the early hardeningperiod occurring after setting.DISCUSSIONExpansive hydraulic cements are used to compensatefor volume decrease due to shrinkage or to induce tensile stress inconcrete reinforcement.false setsee early stiffening.flash setsee early stiffening.fog room, na moist room in which the hum

32、idity is controlledby atomization of water.gage length, nin cement testing, the nominal length betweenthe innermost ends of metal studs that are molded into a testspecimen with the axis of the stud in each end of the testspecimen coincident with the longitudinal axis of the testspecimen and with eac

33、h other.granulated blast-furnace slag, nthe glassy, granular mate-rial formed when molten blast-furnace slag is rapidly chilled,as by immersion in water.gypsum, nsee calcium sulfate.hydration, nthe chemical reaction between hydraulic ce-ment and water forming new compounds most of which havestrength

34、-producing properties.C219 14a2hydraulic cement, na cement that sets and hardens bychemical reaction with water and is capable of doing sounder water.hydraulic mortar, ndeprecated term; see mortar.length change, nin cement testing, an increase or decrease inlinear dimension due to causes other than

35、applied load,usually measured along the longitudinal axis of a testspecimen and expressed as a percentage of a gage length.lime-saturated water, nfor curing test specimens, watercontaining calcium hydroxide at saturation and in contactwith solid calcium hydroxide so that saturation is main-tained.lo

36、t, na quantity of a single material that is considered as aunit, such as that manufactured during a single productionrun, offered at one time for sale, or offered at one time forinspection, or the contents of one or more transport contain-ers drawn from one or more bins of material from a singleprod

37、uction run, sequentially packaged from one or morebins, or a group of samples secured from one of the above.masonry cement, na hydraulic cement manufactured for usein mortars for masonry construction or in plasters, or both,which contains a plasticizing material and, possibly, otherperformance-enhan

38、cing addition(s).moist room, nan enclosed room for storage and curing ofpaste, mortar, and concrete specimens in which temperatureand high relative humidity can be controlled within specifiedlimits.mortar, na mixture of finely divided hydraulic cementitiousmaterial, fine aggregate, and water in eith

39、er the unhardenedor hardened state; hydraulic mortar.mortar cement, na hydraulic cement manufactured for usein masonry mortar designed for specific bond and air contentcriteria.DISCUSSIONMortar cement is similar to masonry cement but mustmeet bond strength and air content criteria. See Specification

40、 C1329 forlimitations.natural cement, na hydraulic cement produced by calcininga naturally occurring argillaceous limestone at a temperaturebelow the sintering point and then grinding to a fine powder.DISCUSSIONArgillaceous limestone is described in Standard C294.normal consistency, na degree of pla

41、sticity of a hydraulic-cement paste that is appropriate for testing as measured by astipulated method.DISCUSSIONThe result of tests for normal consistency is reported asthe mass of water required to achieve this plasticity divided by the massof hydraulic cement, expressed as a percentage.plaster, nh

42、ydraulic cement, a mixture of hydraulic cement,fine aggregate and water that hardens; used for coatingsurfaces, such as ceilings, walls and partitions.plastic cement, na hydraulic cement used in plaster orstucco.DISCUSSIONSee Specification C1328 for limitations on materials orproperties pertaining t

43、o cement under that specification.portland cement, na hydraulic cement produced by pulver-izing clinker, consisting essentially of crystalline hydrauliccalcium silicates, and usually containing one or more of thefollowing: water, calcium sulfate, up to 5 % limestone, andprocessing additions.portland

44、-cement clinker, na clinker, partially fused bypyroprocessing, consisting predominantly of crystalline hy-draulic calcium silicates.pozzolan, na siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material,which in itself possesses little or no cementitious value butwill, in finely divided form and in the presence

45、 of moisture,chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary tem-peratures to form cementitious hydrates.saturated-lime water, nsee lime-saturated water.slag cement, ngranulated blast-furnace slag that has beenground to cement fineness, with or without additions, andthat is a hydraulic cement.st

46、andardization, nof measuring instrument, a process that,under specified conditions and following a standardprocedure, establishes: (1) the relationship between thequantity values provided by reference standards or referencematerials and the corresponding indications from a measur-ing instrument or s

47、ystem; or (2) the adjustment to be appliedto test equipment when its performance is compared to thatof an accepted standard or process.DISCUSSIONStandardization in case (1) is a simplified form ofcalibration that accounts for systematic error (bias) but does notevaluate random error. Standardization

48、, therefore, does not address allof the elements of uncertainty of measurement and does not lead totraceable measurements. An example of case (2) standardization isadjusting the number of blows of a mechanically-operated hammer soit applies the same energy as a specified number of blows of amanually

49、-operated hammer.stucco, na hydraulic cement plaster containing fineaggregate, used for coating exterior surfaces.5. Keywords5.1 cement terminology; definitions; hydraulic cement ter-minology; terminology; termsC219 14a3SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C219 14)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved August 1, 2014.)(1) Added definitions and associated discussions for the termscalibration and standardization.This stan