ASCE 42-17-2017 Standard Practice for the Design Conduct and Evaluation of Operational Precipitation Enhancement Projects.pdf

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1、ASCE STANDARDANSI/ASCE/EWRI42-17Standard Practice for the Design, Conduct, and Evaluation of Operational Precipitation Enhancement ProjectsASCE STANDARD ANSI/ASCE/EWRI42-17Standard Practice for theDesign, Conduct, and Evaluationof Operational PrecipitationEnhancement ProjectsPUBLISHED BY THE AMERICA

2、N SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERSLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: American Society of Civil Engineers.Title: Standard practice for the design, conduct, and evaluation of operational precipitationenhancement projects.Description: Reston, Virginia : American Society of Civil Enginee

3、rs, 2016. | Series: ASCEstandard | Series: ANSI/ASCE/EWRI ; 42-16 | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identiers: LCCN 2016019974 | ISBN 9780784414408 (soft cover : alk. paper) | ISBN9780784479766 (pdf)Subjects: LCSH: Rain-makingStandardsUnited States. | Precipitation (Meteorology)Modicat

4、ionStandardsUnited States.Classication: LCC QC928.6 .O64 2016 | DDC 551.68/77021873dc23 LC record availableat https:/lccn.loc.gov/2016019974Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia, 20191-4382www.asce.org/bookstore | ascelibrary.orgThis standard was d

5、eveloped by a consensus standards development process that has beenaccredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Accreditation by ANSI, avoluntary accreditation body representing public and private sector standards developmentorganizations in the United States and abroad, signies t

6、hat the standards developmentprocess used by ASCE has met the ANSI requirements for openness, balance, consensus, anddue process.While ASCEs process is designed to promote standards that reect a fair and reasonedconsensus among all interested participants, while preserving the public health, safety,

7、 andwelfare that is paramount to its mission, it hasnot made anindependent assessment ofand doesnot warrant the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus,product, or process discussed herein. ASCE does not intend, nor should anyone interpret,ASCEs standards to rep

8、lace the sound judgment of a competent professional, havingknowledge and experience in the appropriate eld(s) of practice, nor to substitute for thestandard of care required of such professionals in interpreting and applying the contents of thisstandard.ASCE has no authority to enforce compliance wi

9、th its standards and does not undertake tocertify products for compliance or to render any professional services to any person or entity.ASCE disclaims any and all liability for any personal injury, property damage, nancial loss,or other damages of any nature whatsoever, including without limitation

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11、fce.Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCEpublications can be requested by sending an e-mail to permissionsasce.org or by locatinga title in ASCEs Civil Engineering Database (http:/cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library(http:/ascelibrary.org) and using the “Perm

12、issions” link.Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at http:/dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414408.Copyright 2017 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1440-8 (soft cover)ISBN 978-0-7844-7976-6 (PDF)Manufactured in the United States of America.24 23 22 21 20 19 18

13、17 1 2 3 4 5ASCE STANDARDSIn 2014, the Board of Direction approved revisions to the ASCERules for Standards Committees to govern the writing andmaintenance of standards developed by ASCE. All such stan-dards are developed by a consensus standards process managedby the ASCE Codes and Standards Commit

14、tee (CSC). Theconsensus process includes balloting by a balanced standardscommittee and reviewing during a public comment period. Allstandards are updated or reafrmed by the same process everyve to ten years. Requests for formal interpretations shall beprocessed in accordance with Section 7 of ASCE

15、Rules forStandards Committees, which are available at www.asce.org.Errata, addenda, supplements, and interpretations, if any, for thisstandard can also be found at www.asce.org.This standard has been prepared in accordance with recog-nized engineering principles and should not be used without theuse

16、rs competent knowledge for a given application. The publi-cation of this standard by ASCE is not intended to warrant thatthe information contained herein is suitable for any general orspecic use, and ASCE takes no position respecting the validityof patent rights. The user is advised that the determi

17、nation ofpatent rights or risk of infringement is entirely his or her ownresponsibility.A complete list of currently available standards is available inthe ASCE Library (http:/ascelibrary.org/page/books/s-standards).iiiThis page intentionally left blankCONTENTSPREFACE . ixACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xi1 INTRO

18、DUCTION TO PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT PROJECTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Scope of Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.1 Orographic Clouds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.2 Convective Clouds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Status of Precipitation Enhancement Technolog

20、y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 Appropriate ASCE/EWRI Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 Appropriate ASCE/EWRI Manuals of Professional Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 SCIENTI

21、FIC BASIS OF NATURAL PRECIPITATION EFFICIENCY AND ITS MODIFICATION . . . . . . . . 32.1 Precipitation Augmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1.1 Cloud Seeding to Increase Precipitation Efciency of Primarily Stratiform and Orographic Clou

22、ds 42.1.2 Seeding to Enhance Precipitation Efciency of Individual Cold Convective Clouds . . . . . . . . 42.1.2.1 Seeding to Enhance Development of Individual Cold Convective Cloud PrecipitationProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1.2.2 Comp

23、lexities of Seeding Individual Cold Convective Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1.2.3 Expansion of Seeding Concepts to Cloud Clusters and Mesoscale Systems. . . . . . . 52.1.3 Seeding to Enhance the Efciency of the Warm Convective Cloud Precipitation Process . . . . . 52.2 Technological Advance

24、s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 THE DESIGN OF OPERATIONAL PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.1 Denition of Project Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、. 73.1.1 Basic Project Area Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.1.2 Initial Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.1.3 Climatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2 Seeding Agent Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2.1 Silver Iodide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.2 Dry Ice. . . . . . . . . . .

27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.3 Other Ice Nucleants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.4 Hygroscopic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

28、.2.5 Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2.5.1 Glaciogenic AgentsAgI. 103.2.5.2 Hygroscopic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3 Targeting and Delivery Methods . . . . . . . . . .

29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3.1 Airborne Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3.1.1 Glaciogenic Seeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.3.1.2 Cloud Base Seedi

30、ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.3.1.3 In-Cloud Seeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.3.1.4 Cloud Top Seeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.3.1.5 Hygroscopic Se

31、eding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.3.2 Ground Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.3.2.1 Glaciogenic Seeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.3.2.2 H

32、ygroscopic Seeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Aerial and Ground Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.4 Meteorological Data Collection and Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、. . . . . 143.4.1 Real-Time Decision Making and Monitoring Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.4.1.1 Available Weather Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.4.1.2 Project Precipitation Gauges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、. . . . . . . . . 153.4.1.3 Project Rawinsonde Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.4.1.4 Real-Time Liquid Water Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Standard Practice for the Design, Conduct, and Evaluation of Operational Precipita

35、tion Enhancement Projects v3.4.1.5 Streamow Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.4.1.6 Snow Sample Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.4.1.7 Numerical Cloud Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36、. . . . . . . . . . . . 173.4.1.8 Predictive Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.4.1.9 Diagnostic Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.5 Deployment of Cloud Seeding Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.5.1 Dispersion Rates of Cloud Seeding Materials in Winter and Summer Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . 193.5.1.1 Airborne Cloud Seeding Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.5.2 Ground-Based Cloud Seeding Modes. . . . . . . . . .

38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.6 Legal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.6.1 Potential for Litigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.6.2 Regulation

39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.6.3 Interstate Compacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.7 Environmental Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.7.1 Redistribution of Precipitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.7.2 Seeding Agent Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 OPERATIONS OF PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT PROJECT

41、S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.1 The Operations Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.2 Personnel Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.2.1 Meteo

42、rological Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.2.2 Cloud-System Treatment Pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.2.3 Direction of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43、. . . . . . . . . . . 234.2.4 Support Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.3 Operational Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.3.1 Chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.3.2 Opportunity Recognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.3.2.1 Aircraft Flight Crews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.3.2.1.1 Summer Seed

45、ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.3.2.1.2 Winter Seeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.3.2.2 Ice Nuclei Treatment by Ground-Based Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.3.2.2.1 Summertime Seeding. . . . . . .

46、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.3.2.2.2 Winter Seeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.4 Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.5 Safety Considerations . . . . . . . .

47、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.5.1 Safety of Field Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.5.1.1 Radar Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.5.1.

48、2 Use, Handling, and Storage of Seeding Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.5.1.3 Severe Weather Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.5.1.4 Aircraft Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.5.2

49、 Seeding Suspension Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.6 Public Relations, Information, and Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 EVALUATION OF PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1 Project Design Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1.1 Randomized versus Nonrandomized Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1.2 Selecti