ARMY MIL-HDBK-762-1990 DESIGN OF AERODYNAMICALLY STABILIZED FREE ROCKETS《无控火箭的空气动力学设计》.pdf

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1、- MIL-HDBK-7b2 GD m 7779770 005b767 3 I I I METRIC I Mll-HDBK-762(MI) 17 July 1990 MILITARY HANDBOOK DESIGN OF AERODYNAMICALLY STABILIZED FREE ROCKETS AMSC N/A AREA GDRQ DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction o

2、r networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-762 GD m 3777370 005b768 S m MIL-HL)BK-762(MI) FOREWORD 1. This miIitary handbook is approved for use by the US Army Missile Command, Department of the Army, and- is available for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of D

3、efense. 2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, US Army Missile Command, ATTN: AMSMI- R-sE-Tl)-ST Redstone Arsenal, AL 35809, by using the self-addressed Standardization Doc

4、ument Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. 3. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the CS Army Materiel Commands Engineering Design Handbook Program, which is under the direction of the CS Army Management Engineering College. Research T

5、riangk Institute was the prime contractor for the preparation of this handbook; which was prepared under Contract NO. DAAG34-73-C-0051. Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-762 GD m 7779770 00567b7 7 M CONTENTS Paragraph Page F

6、OREWORD 11 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . xv LIST OF TABLES . xxiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xxv . CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 PURPOSE OF HANDBOOK . 1-1 1-2 CLASSES OF FREE FLIGHT ROCKETS . 1-1 1-2.1 MILITARY ROCKET SYSTEMS . 1-1 1-2.1.1 General 1-1 1-2.1.2 Field Artillery 1 . 1 1-2.1.3 Infantry 1-

7、2 1-2.1.4 Air Defense . 1-2 1-2.1.5 Armor . 1-2 1-2.1.6 Aviation . 1-3 1-2.1.7 Logistic 1-3 1-2.1.8 Other 1-3 1-2.2 RESEARCH ROCKET SYSTEMS 1-4 1-22 1 General 1-4 1-2.2.2 Meteorological . 1-4 1-2.2.3 High-Altitude Sounding . 1-4 1-2.2.4 Satellites . 1-4 1-2.2.5 Dispensing . 1-4 1-3 OPERATIONAL MODES

8、 1-4 1-3.1 GENERAL . 1-4 1-3.2 SURFACE TO SURFACE . . 1-5 1-3.3 SURFACE TO AIR 1-5 1-3.4 AIR TO SURFACE 1-5 1-3.5 UNDERWATER LAUNCH 1-5 1-3.6 SURFACE OR AIR TO UNDERWATER 1-6 1-4 GENERAL ROCKET SYSTEM DESCRIPTION . . 1-6 1-5 OVERVIEW OF CONTENT OF THE HANDBOOK 1-6 CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM DESIGN 2-1 GENERAL

9、 2-1 2-1.1 CONCEPT SELECTION PHASE . 2-1 2-1.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN PHASE . 2-2 2-1.3 SYSTEM VALIDATION . 2-2 2-2 REQUIREMENTS 2-3 2-3 CONCEPT SELECTION 2-4 2-3.1 COMPONENT CONSTRAINTS . 2-5 2-3.2 PARAMETRIC STUDIES . i. 2-5 2-3.2.1 General 2-5 . 111 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or n

10、etworking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-762 GD 9999970 0056770 3 MIL-HDBK-762(M) CONTENTS(contd) PHU.gRFt Fuge 2-3.2.2 Motors . 2-6 2-32.3- Warheads 2-6 . 2-3.2 4 Error Sources 2-6 2-3.3 SYSTEM SELECTION . 2-7 24 PRELFMINARY DESIGN . 2-7 2-4.1 PAYLOAD 2-8 2-4.1.1 Kill Mechanism 2-

11、9 2-4.12 Performance Characteristics . 2-9 2-4.1.3 Physical Characteristics 2-9 2-4.1.4 Safing, Arming, and Fuzing . 2-10 2-4.2.1 Propulsion Energy Management 2-10 2-4.2.2. Motor Design 2-11 2-4.2 PROPULSION . 2-10 2-4.2.2.1 Motor Physical Characteristics . 2-11 2-4.2.2.2 Performance Characteristics

12、 . 2-11 2-4.2.2.3 Propellants . 2-12 2-4.3 AERODYNAMICS 2-12 a 2-4.3.1 Drag 2-12 2-43.1.2 Skin-Friction Drag . 2-13 2-4.3.1.3 Base Drag 2-13 2-4.3.2 Stability . 2-13 2-4.3.1. I Wave Drag 2-12 243.3 Nonlinear Aerodynamics . 2-13 2-4.4 DYNAMICS . 2-14 24.4.l Accuracy Trade-offs . 2-4 24.4.2 Dynamic Lo

13、ads . 2-16 2-4 4.3 Rocket Vibrational and Bending Considerations . 2-17 2-4.5.1 Materials . 2-17 2-4.5 STRUCTURES . 2-17 2-4.5.2 Structural Sizing 2.17 . 2-4.5.3 Mass and Balance 2-18 2-4.6 H.EAT TRANSFER 2-18 2-4.7 PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES . 2-19 2-4.8 SUBSYSTEM DESIGN OPTIMIZATION . 2-19 2-49 AUXILIA

14、RY DEVICES 2-19 24.9.1 Wind and Density Measuring Devices 2-19 2-4.9.2 Temperature Control Devices . 2-20 2-4.9.3 Firing and Firing Control Equipment i 2-20 2-4.9.4 Fuze Setting Equipment . 2-21 2-4.45 Shipping Containers 2-21- 2-4.9:6 Other Devices Unique to a Given System 2-21 2-4.10.1 Performance

15、 . 2-21 2-4.10.2 Reliability . 2-22 2-4.10.4 Availability Data 2-22 2-4 l 0.5 Manufacturing Considerations . 2-22 2-4-10 SYSTEM INTEGRATION . 2-21 . ,2410.3 Cost . 2-22 2-4.6 P SPECIFICATIONS . 2-22 2-5 SYSTEM VALIDATION . 2-23 2-5.1 DESIGN AND DOCUMENTATION 2-24 2-5J.1 Detailed Hardware Design ;. .

16、 2-24 2i5J.2 Weights and Balances . 2-24 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-762 GD m 9799970 0056773 5 m MIL-HDBK-762 (MI 1 CONTENTS (contd) Paragraph Page 2-5.1.3 Fabrication Drawings . 2-24 2-5.1.4 Specifications 2-24 2-5.2

17、.1 Types of Tests . 2-25 2-5.2.2 Test Plan . 2-27 REFERENCES 2-28 2-5.2 TESTING 2-25 2-5.3 SYSTEM INTEGRATION . 2-28 CHAPTER 3 PERFORMANCE 3-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS . 3-1 3-1 INTRODUCTION . 3-3 3-2 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 3-4 3-2.1 PERFORMANCE FACTORS . 3-4 3-2.2 PROPULSION SYSTEM FACTORS . 3-4 3-2.3 AEROD

18、YNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS . 3-5 3-3 APPROXIMATION TECHNIQUES AND APPLICABLE EQUATIONS 3-5 3-3.1 ESTIMATION OF VELOCITY REQUIREMENT 3-5 3-3.1.1 Indirect Fire Rockets 3-6 3-3.1.2 Direct Fire Rockets 3-10 3-3.1.3 Sounding Rockets 3-12 3-3.1.4 Surface-To-Air Rockets . 3-13 3-3.1.5 Air-To-Surface Rockets . 3

19、-13 3-3.2 ESTIMATION OF ROCKET MOTOR REQUIREMENTS . 3-15 3-3.3 SUMMARY 3-19 3-4 PARAMETRIC PERFORMANCE DATA FOR INDIRECT FIRE SYSTEMS 3-20 3-4.1 DELIVERY TECHNIQUES 3-20 3-4.2 PARAMETRIC PERFORMANCE DATA 3-21 3-5 PARAMETRIC PERFORMANCE DATA FOR DIRECT-FIRE SYSTEMS 3-26 3-5.1 DELIVERY TECHNIQUES 3-26

20、 3-5.2 PARAMETRIC PERFORMANCE DATA 3-26 3-6 PARAMETRIC PERFORMANCE DATA FOR SOUNDING ROCKETS . 3-32 3-6.1 DELIVERY TECHNIQUES 3-32 3-6.2 PARAMETRIC PERFORMANCE DATA 3-32 3-7 PARAMETRIC PERFORMANCE DATA FOR SURFACE-TO-AIR ROCKETS . 3-33 3-7.1 DELIVERY TECHNIQUES 3-33 3-7.2 PARAMETRIC PERFORMANCE DATA

21、 3-35 3-8 PARAMETRIC PERFORMANCE DATA FOR AIR-TO-GROUND ROCKETS . 3-37 3-8.1 DELIVERY TECHNIQUES 3-37 3-8.2 PARAMETRIC PERFORMANCE DATA 3-37 3-9 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 3-40 REFERENCES . 3-46 BIBLIOGRAPHY 3-46 CHAPTER 4 ACCURACY 4-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS . 4-1 4-1 INTRODUCTION . 4-4 V Provided by IHS Not for Re

22、sale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-CONTENTS.(contd) Parag.rap h Page 4-2 ERROR SOURCES . 4-5 4-2.1 GENERAL . 4-5 4-2.2 PRELAUNCH PHASE ERRORS . 4-6 4-2.3 LAUNCH PHASE ERRORS . 4-7 4-2.4 BOOST PHASE ERRORS 4-9 4-2.5 BALLISTIC PHASE ERRORS . 4-11 4-3.1 GENERAL .

23、 4-14 4-3 EFFECTS OF ERROR SOURCES . 4-14 4-3.2 PRELAUNCH PHASE 4-17 4-3.3 LAUNCH PHASE . 4-17 4-3.4 BOOST PHASE . 4-22 4-3.5 BALLISTIC PHASE 4-22 4-4 DISPERSION REDUCTION . 4-24 4-4.1 GENERAL . 4-24 4-4.2 THE EFFECT .OF SPIN 4-27 4-4.2.2 Constant Acceleration 4-34 4-4.2.1 Constant Spin Rate 4-31 4-

24、4.2.3 Constant Deceleration-slowly Uniformly Decreasing Spin (SUDS) 4-36 4-4.2.4 Spin-Buck 4-38 4-4.2.5 Very High . Spin Rates 4-38 4-4.2.6 Spin Techniques 4-40 4-4.2.6.1 Helical Rails 4-40 4-4.2.6.2 Spin-on-Straight-Rail (SOSR) 4-40 4-4.2.6.3 Spin Motors . 4-40 4-4.2.6.4 Jet Vanes 4-41 4-4.2.6.5 Ca

25、nted Fins 4.41 4-4.2.6.7 Prespin Au torna tic Dynamic Alignment (PADA) . 4-41 4-4.3 THE EFFECT OF ACCELERATION LEVEL 4-41 4-4.4 THE EFFECT OF AERODYNAMIC STABILITY 4-43 4-4.2.6.6 Spin Power Transmission . 4-41 4-4.2.6.8 Autospin 4-41 4-4.5 THE EFFECTOF LAUNCHER GUIDANCE LENGTH . 4-45 4-4.6 PRELA.UNC

26、H-PHASE DISPERSION REDUCTION . 4-45 4-4.6.1 Launcher Location and Orientation . 4-45 4-4.6.3 External Error Sources . 4-46 4-4.7 LAUNCH-PHASE DISPERSION REDUCTION 4-46 4-4.9 BALLISTIC-PHASE DISPERSION REDUCTION . 4-47 4-5.1 GENERAL . 4-48 4-5.3 REDUCED DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM EQUATIONS OF MOTION 4-49 4-4.

27、6.2 Target Location . 4-45 4-4.8 BOOST-PHASE DISPERSION REDUCTION 4-46 4-5 ACCURACY COMPUTATION . 4-48 4-5.2. SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDM EQUATIONS OF MOTION . 4-49 4-5.4 STATISTICAL METHODS 4-56 4-5.4.2 Measures of Dispersion 4-56 4-5.4.4 Range and Deflection Probable Errors 4-60 4-5.5 ERROR BUDGET AND SA

28、MPLE CALCULATION . 4-62 4-5.5.1 General 4-62 4-5.4.1 Measures of Central Tendency 4-56 4-5.4.3 Measures of Dispersion for Several Error Sources . 4-58 4-5.4.5 Probability of Hit 4-61 4-5.5.2 Example .Problem 4-62 vi Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without licen

29、se from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-762 GD W 7777770 0056773 7 MIL-HDBK-762 (MI) CONTENTS (contd) Paragraph Page 4-5.5.2.2 Launch Errors . 4-64 4-5.5.2.1 Prelaunch Errors . 4-63 4-5.5.2.3 Boost Errors . 4-68 4-5.5.2.4 Ballistic Errors . 4-74 4-5.5.2.6 Example Range Error Probable (REP) . 4-84 4-5.5.2.9 Exampl

30、e Probability of Hit 4-124 4-5.5.2.5 Additional Unit Effect Graphs 4-84 4-5.5.2.7 Example Deflection Error Probable (DEP) . 4-84 4-5.5.2.8 Example Circular Error Probable (CEP) 4-124 REFERENCES 4-124 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 4-125 CHAPTER 5 AERODYNAMICS 5-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS . 5-1 5-1 INTRODUCTION 5-7 5-2 GENER

31、AL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . 5-7 5-3 STATIC STABILITY . 5-9 5-3.1 BODIES OF REVOLUTION 5-10 5-3.1.1 Nose-Cylinder Configurations 5-11 5-3.1.2 Boattail Afterbody Sections . 5-12 5-3.1.3 Oversized-Head Configurations 5-13 -5-3.1.4 Necked-Down Centerbody . 5-13 5-3.1.5 High-Fineness Ratio Body Data 5-13

32、5-3.2.1 Fins 5-14 5-3.2 STABILIZING DEVICES 5-14 5-3.2.1.1 Coplanar Fins 5-14 5-3.2.1.2 Wraparound Fins andTangent Fins 5-16 5-3.2.1.3 Fin Roll Effectiveness 5-17 5-3.2.2 Flare-Type Afterbody . 5-17 5-3.3 RINGTAILS 5-18 5-3.4 STATIC STABILITY OF COMPLETE CONFIGURATIONS . 5-19 5-3.4.1 General 5-19 5-

33、3.4.2 Fin-Body Interference 5-22 5-3.4.3 Fin-Fin Interference . 5-24 5-3.4.4 Stability Tailoring . 5-26 5-3.4.5 Sample Calculation Sheet 5-28 5-3.5.1 Definition of Problem . 5-28 5-3.5 ROCKET PLUME INTERACTION 5-28 5-3.5.2 Effects on Aerodynamic Characteristics . 5-38 5-3.5.3 Plume Simulation 5-39 5

34、-3.6 NONLINEAR AERODYNAMICS . 5-40 5-4 DYNAMIC STABILITY . 5-41 5-4.1 LONGITUDINAL DYNAMIC STABILITY 5-41 5-4.2 ROLL DYNAMICS 5-42 5-4.3 SIDE FORCES AND MOMENTS . 5-43 5-4.3.1 Magnus Forces . 5-43 5-4.3.2 Other Side Forces . 5-43 5-5 DRAG COEFFICENT . 5-43 5-5.1 WAVE DRAG . 5-44 vii Provided by IHS

35、Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-CONTEN-TS (contd) Farag7-csph Page 5-5.1.1 Forebody Wave Drag . 5-44 5-5.1-1 -1 Nose . 5-44 5-5.1.1.2 Midbody Wave Drag . 5-47 5.5 . I.2 Boattail Sections 5-47 5-5;l.S Flare . 5-47 5-5.1.3.1 Conical Frustum . 5-48 5

36、-5.1.3.2 Split Flare . 5-48 5-5-1.4 Fin Wave Drag 5-48 5.-5.2 FRICFION DRAG . 5-49 5-5.3 EASE DRAG 5-50 5-5.1.5 Ringtail Wave Drag . ; 5-49 5-5.3.L ody-of-Revolution Base Drag, Rocket Jet Plume-Off . 5-51 5.5 3.3 Fin-Base Drag 5-55 5-5.4.1. Interference Effect-Fin on Base . 5-56 5-5.4.2 Sample Drag

37、Calculation 5-56 5-5.5. PROTUBERANCES 5-56 5-6 AIRLO-AD DISTRIBUTIONS 5-57 5-7 AERODYNAMIC TESTING 5-67 5-5-.3.2- B.ody-of-Revolution Base Drag, Rocket Jet Plume-On . 5-52 5-5.4 DRAG CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPLETE CONFIGURATIONS 5-55 5-12 GENERAL 5-67 5-72? WIND TUNNELS . 5-67 5-7.2.1 Classification .

38、5-67 5-7.2.2 CapabiIities and Limitations . 5-68 5-7.2.4 Conduct ofTests 5-70 5-7.2.3 Instrumentation . 5-70 REFERENCES . 5-72 CHAPTER 6 PROPULSION 6-0 LEST OF SYMBOLS . 6-1 6-1 IN.TRODUCTION 6-4 6-2 GENERAL 6-5 6.2 .I . THE REACTION PRINCIPLE 6-6 6-2.2 ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF CHEMICAL ROCKETS 6-7 6-3

39、 PROPELLANT TYPES . 6-7 6-3.1 LIQUID PROPELLANTS 6-7 6-3.2 SOLID PROPELLANTS . 6-7 6-3.2.1 Doubk-Base Propellants . 6-8 6-3.2.2 Composite Propellants 6-8 6-3.2.3 Composite Double-Base Propellants . 6-10 6-4 BASIC PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 6-10 6-4-1 INTERNAL BALLISTICS 6-10 6-4-1.1 Propellant Burn Rate

40、 6-10- 6-41.2 Thermodynamic Considerations . 6-11 6.4. L4 Propellant Temperature Effects 6-12 6-42 NCFZXE . 6-13 6-4.2.1 Nozzle Design Factors . 6-13 6-4.2.3. Surface Contours . 6-19 6-4.1.3 Continuity Equation : 6-12 6-4.2.2 Thermodynamic Relations 6-15 . VI1 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No repro

41、duction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- MIL-HDBK-7b2 GD m 7779770 0056775 2 m MIL-HDBK-762 (MI 1 Paragraph CONTENTS(contd) Page 6-5 6-6 6-7 . 6-4.2.4 Nozzle Erosion 6-22 6-4.2.5 Jet Plume Effects . 6-23 6-4.2.6 Scarf Nozzle 6-24 6-4.3.1 General 6-24 6-4.3.2 Minimization of Wei

42、ght 6-24 6-4.3 MOTOR CASE 6-24 6-4.4 IDEAL VELOCITY EQUATION . 6-25 6-4.5 THRUST MALALIGNMENT 6-25 6-4.5.1 Structure Geometry and Alignment 6-26 6-4.5.2 Propellant Grain and Mass Flow Asymmetries . 6-26 6-4.5.3 Test Environment 6-27 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . 6-28 6-5.1 MOTOR SIZING . 6-28 6-5.2 COMBUS

43、TION CONSIDERATIONS 6-32 6-5.3 MOTOR CASE PERFORMANCE 6-34 6-5.3.1 Material Selection 6-34 6-5.3.2 Safety Factor 6-35 6-5.4 PROPELLANT SELECTION 6-35 6-5.4.1 Thermochemical Considerations 6-35 6-5.4.2 Burn Rate . 6-36 6-5.4.3 Signature 6-38 6-5.4.4 Mechanical Properties . 6-38 6-5.4.5 Combustion Sta

44、bility . 6-39 6-5.5.1 General Considerations . 6-39 6-5.5.1.1 Gas Dynamics 6-39 6-5.5.1.2 Structural Considerations . 6-40 6-5.5.1.3 Fabrication Considerations . 6-41 6-5.5.2 Propellant Grain/Burn Rate/Throat Area Interaction . 6-42 6-5.5.3 Thermodynamic Considerations . 6-42 6-5.6.1 Aerodynamic Eff

45、ects 6-43 6-5.6.2 Thermodynamic Effects . 6-43 6-5.5 NOZZLE THROAT SELECTION . 6-39 6-5.6 PLUME CONSIDERATIONS 6-43 SCALING 6-44 6-6.1 GENERAL . 6-44 6-6.2 SCALING FACTORS . 6-44 6-6.3 DISCUSSION . 6-47 TESTING 6-48 6-7.1 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY TESTS . 6-48 6-7.2 PROPELLANT GRAIN INTEGRITY TESTS . 6-4

46、8 6-7.2.1 MechanicaI Properties . 6-48 6-7.2.2 Thermal Properties 6-49 6-7.2.3 Performance Characteristics 6-49 6-7.3 TEST FOR NEW PROPELLANT FORMULATION . 6-50 6-7.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE TESTING 6-50 6-7.4.1 Nondestructive Testing . 6-50 6-7.4.2 Destructive Testing 6-51 6-7.5 ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING . 6

47、-51 REFERENCES . 6-51 ix Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-Pal-agrafih MIL-HDBK-762 GD m 7779770 005b77b 4 m . CONTENTS (contd) CHAPTER 7 STRUCTURES Page 7-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS . 7-1 7-r GENERAL 7-7 7-2 MASS AND BAIANCE . 7-9 7-2.1 MASS

48、 AND CENTER-OF-GRAVITY ESTIMATION 7-9 7-2.2 TRANSVERSE MOMENT OF INERTIA 7-22 7-2.3 ROLL MOMENT OF INERTIA . . 7-22 7-3 LOADS . 7-22 7-3.2 LAUNCH LOADS . 7-25 7-3.3 FLIGHT LOADS . 7-25 7-4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN ANALYSIS . 7-29 7-4.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN . 7-29 7-4.2.1 Structural Components . 7-29 7-4.2.1.

49、1. Motor Case 7-29 7-3.1 TRANSPORTATION AND HANDLING LOADS . 7-25 7-4.1 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN . 7-29 . 7-4.2.1.2 Nozzle 7-31 7-4.2.1.3 Propellant 7-32 7-4.2.1.4 Payload 7-36 7-4.2.1.5 Payload Nose Fairing . 7-36 7-4.2.1.6 Fins 7-37 74.2.2.1 Mass Distribution 7-39 7-4.2.2.2 Moment of Inertia . 7-39 7-4.2.2.3 Airloads . i . 7-42 7-4.2.2.5 Bending Moment Diagram . 7-47 7-4.2.2.6 Axi