【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-9及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-9 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Some of the concerns surrounding Turkeys application to join the European Union, to be (1) on by the EUs Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the countrys relative poverty. Its GDP per head is les

2、s than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. (2) it is not far off that of Latvia-one of the ten new members which (3) on May 1st 2004, and it is much the same as (4) of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded (5) talks with the EU that could make them

3、full members on January 1st 2007.(6) , the countrys recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, stunning. GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a (7) of growth that no EU country comes close to (8) . Turkey

4、s (9) rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the country (10) agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic program that will help Turkey (11) inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economys resilience.Resilience has not hi

5、storically been the countrys economic strong point. (12) , throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram (13) a violent heart attack. This (14) has been one of the main reasons why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such

6、investment is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annual (15) have scarcely ever reached $1 billion.One deterrent to foreign investors is due to (16) on January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six zer

7、os will be removed from the face value of the lira (里拉，土耳其货币单位);one unit of the local (17) will henceforth be worth what 1 million are now-ie, about 0.53 (0.53 欧元). Goods will have to be (18) in both the new and old lira for the whole of the year, (19) foreign bankers and (20) can begin to look forw

8、ard to a time in Turkey when they will no longer have to juggle mentally with indeterminate strings of zeros.（分数：10.00）(1).A decided B voted C elected D appointed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A But B So C Though D While（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A presented B attended C joined D participated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A

9、that B which C those D these（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A application B accession C reception D negotiation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A Unfortunately B However C Therefore D Furthermore（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A ratio B rate C rhythm D rhyme（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A approaching B surpassing C matching D succeeding（分数：0

10、.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A inflation B interest C investment D tariff（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A claimed B reached C concluded D achieved（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A reduce B drop C shrink D descend（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A Instead B Indeed C Accordingly D Surprisingly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A manifesting B accounting C

11、recording D photocopying（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A mobility B flexibility C stability D irregularity（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A inflows B imports C exports D outputs（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A revive B remain C disappear D discharge（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A current B currency C stock D share（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18)

12、.A priced B labeled C claimed D exchanged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A though B but C for D since（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A merchants B travelers C investors D executives（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In 1929 John D. Rockefeller decided it w

13、as time to sell shares when even a shoe-shine boy offered him a share tip. During the past week The Economists economics editor has been advised by a taxi driver, a plumber and a hairdresser that “you cant go wrong“ investing in housing-the more you own the better. Is this a sign that it is time to

14、get out? At the very least, as house prices around the world climb to ever loftier heights, and more and more people jump on to the buy-to-let ladder, it is time to expose some of the fallacies regularly trotted out by so many self-appointed housing experts.One common error is that house prices must

15、 continue to rise because of a limited supply of land. For instance, it is argued that “house prices will always rise in London because lots of people want to live here“. But this confuses the level of prices with their rate of change. Home prices are bound to be higher in big cities because of land

16、 scarcity, but this does not guarantee that urban house prices will keep rising indefinitely-just look at Tokyos huge price-drops since 1990. And, though it is true that a fixed supply of homes may push up house prices if the population is rising, this would imply a steady rise in prices, not the 20

17、% annual jumps of recent years.A second flawed argument is that low interest rates make buying a home cheaper, and so push up demand and prices. Lower interest rates may have allowed some people, who otherwise could not have afforded a mortgage, to buy a home. But many borrowers who think mortgages

18、are cheaper are suffering from money illusion.Interest rates are not very low in real, inflation-adjusted terms. Initial interest payments may seem low in relation to income, but because inflation is also low it will not erode the real burden of debt as swiftly as it once did. So in later years mort

19、gage payments will be much larger in real terms. To argue that low nominal interest rates make buying a home cheaper is like arguing that a car loan paid off over four years is cheaper than one repaid over two years.Fallacy number three is a favourite claim of Alan Greenspan, chairman of Americas Fe

20、deral Reserve. This is that price bubbles are less likely in housing than in the stockmarket because higher transaction costs discourage speculation. In fact, several studies have shown that both in theory and in practice bubbles are more likely in housing than in shares. A study by the IMF finds th

21、at a sharp rise in house prices is far more likely to be followed by a bust than is a share-price boom.（分数：10.00）(1).The term “fallacies“ (Line 6, Paragraph 1) most probably means _.A ridiculous strategiesB obsolete methodologiesC mistaken beliefsD far-fetched assertions（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What is

22、the relationship between the opening paragraph and the rest of the text?A The deadly sins are singled out in the first paragraph and then denied by the author of the text.B A generalization is made in the opening paragraph and elaborated in the following paragraphs.C The unusual anecdotes are quoted

23、 in the first paragraph and then articulated in the following paragraphs.D A generalization is advanced in the opening paragraph and refuted in the following paragraphs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The author of the text makes a comparison in _.A Paragraph 4B concluding paragraphC Paragraph 2D opening parag

24、raph（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The views of Alan Greenspan and the author of the text on price bubbles are _.A complementaryB identicalC oppositeD similar（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).To which of the following is author likely to agree?A It is time to illustrate some popular fallacies about buying a home.B Some po

25、pular flawed arguments about buying a home should be made known to the public for the time being.C People should be punctual in business dealings of shares and housing.D Alan Greenspans claim can hold water with respect to fallacy member three.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A bite of a coo

26、kie containing peanuts could cause the airway to constrict fatally. Sharing a toy with another child who had earlier eaten a peanut butter and jelly sandwich could raise a case of hives. A peanut butter cup dropped in a Halloween bag could contaminate the rest of the treats, posing an unknown risk.

27、These are the scenarios that “make your bone marrow turn cold“ according to L. Val Giddings, vice president for food and agriculture of the Biotechnology Industry Organization. Besides representing the policy interests of food biotech companies in Washington, D. C., Giddings is the father of a four-

28、year-old boy with a severe peanut allergy. Peanuts are only one of the most allergenic foods; estimates of the number of people who experience a reaction to the beans hover around 2 percent of the population. Giddings says that peanuts are only one of several foods that biotechnologists are altering

29、 genetically in an attempt to eliminate the proteins that do great harm to some peoples immune systems. Although soy allergies do not usually cause life-threatening reactions, the scientists are also targeting soybeans, which can be found in two thirds of all manufactured food, making the supermarke

30、t a minefield for people allergic to soy. Biotechnologists are focusing on wheat, too, and might soon expand their research to the rest of the “big eight“ allergy-inducing foods: tree nuts, milk, eggs, shellfish and fish. Last September, for example, Anthony J. Kinney, a crop genetics researcher at

31、DuPont Experimental Station in Wilmington, Del., and his colleagues reported using a technique called RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the genes that encode p34, a protein responsible for causing 65 percent of all soybean allergies. RNAi exploits the mechanism that cells use to protect themselves

32、against foreign genetic material; it causes a cell to destroy RNA transcribed from a given gene, effectively turning off the gene. Whether the public will accept food genetically modified to be low-allergen is still unknown. Courtney Chabot Dreyer, a spokesperson for Pioneer Hi-Bred International, a

33、 subsidiary of DuPont, says that the company will conduct studies to determine whether a promising market exists for low allergen soy before developing the seeds for sale to farmers. She estimates that Pioneer Hi-Bred is seven years away from commercializing the altered soybeans. Doug Gurian-Sherman

34、, scientific director of the biotechnology project at the Center for Science in the Public Interesta group that has advocated enhanced Food and Drug Administration oversight for genetically modified foodscomments that his organization would not oppose low-allergen foods if they prove to be safe. But

35、 he wonders about “identity preservation“ a term used in the food industry to describe the deliberate separation of genetically engineered and no nengineered products. A batch of nonengineered peanuts or soybeans might contaminate machinery reserved for low-allergen versions, he suggests, reducing t

36、he benefit of the gene-altered food. Such issues of identity preservation could make low-allergen genetically modified foods too costly to produce, Chabot Dreyer admits. But, she says, “its still too early to see if thats true. /（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, foods have been genetically altere

37、d to_. A taste more delicious B to cure peoples ineffectiveness in immune system C to promote sales of peanut D to lower the chance to get allergy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2). What can be inferred about genetically modified foods from the text? A People do not accept any genetically modified foods. B All ge

38、netically modified foods will be of benefit to peoples health. C Genetically modified foods still have a long way to go. D Genetically modified foods will soon be sold in supermarkets.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, which of the following statements is true? A Genetically modified foods

39、have been supervised by the authority. B Genetically modified foods have proved to be safe. C The nonengineered foods absolutely can be contaminated by the engineered foods. D The engineered foods are immediately profitable for the food companies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).From the text, we can know that

40、RNAi_. A can deprive cells of certain mechanism B can protect cells against foreign genetic material C can be effective on 34 kinds of genes D can cause soybean allergies（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the authors attitude towards genetically modified foods? A Supportive. B Unbiased. C Partial. D Skept

41、ical.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively “ Southern“the decades after 1815. Consequently, the cultural

42、history of Britains North American empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New Englan

43、d Puritan culture.However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests_ upon two related premises: first, that the cult

44、ural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies. The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major recitati

45、ons, the second is far more problematic.What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly,Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture. Yet Davis inadvertently ad

46、ds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important and undeniable differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early s

47、ettlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences.However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong relig

48、ious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern-acquisitiveness. A strong interest in

49、polities and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models were not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to R