【考研类试卷】考研英语-44及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语-44 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.In his 1979 book, The Sinking Ark, biologist Norman Myers estimated that U(1) /U of more than 100 human-ca

2、used extinctions occur each clay, and that one million species U(2) /U by the centurys end. Yet there is little evidence of U(3) /U that number of extinctions. For example, only seven species on the U(4) /U species list have become extinct U(5) /U the list was created in 1973.Bio- U(6) /U is an impo

3、rtant value, according to many scientists. Nevertheless, the supposed mass extinction rates bandied about are U(7) /U by multiplying U(8) /U by improbables to get imponderables.Many estimates, for instance, rely a great deal on a “species-area U(9) /U “, which predicts that twice as many species wil

4、l be found on 100 square miles U(10) /U on ten square miles. The problem is that species are not distributed U(11) /U , so bow much of a forest are destroyed may be as important as U(12) /U .U (13) /U , says Ariel Lugo, director of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry in Puerto Rico, “Bi

5、ologists who predict high U(14) /U rates U(15) /U the resiliency of nature“.One of the main muses of extinctions is deforestation. According to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, what destroys tropical trees is not commercial logging, U(16) /U “poor farmers who have no ot

6、her U(17) /U for feeding their families than slashing and burning a U(18) /U of forest“.In countries that practice modern U(19) /U agriculture, forests are in U(20) /U danger. In 1920, U. S. forests covered 732 million acres. Today they cover 737 million.（分数：10.00）A.an averageB.a numberC.a sumD.an a

7、mountA.disappearedB.would disappearC.will disappearD.would have disappearedA.anywhere nearB.somewhere nearC.anytime whenD.something likeA.extinctB.endangeredC.rareD.warnedA.beforeB.althoughC.asD.sinceA.selectionB.differenceC.diversityD.varietyA.distortedB.achievedC.magnifiedD.overstatedA.unknownsB.u

8、nbalancedsC.inappropriatesD.irrelevantsA.equationB.calculationC.coordinationD.classificationA.whereB.whatC.asD.fromA.heavilyB.randomlyC.sparselyD.thicklyA.which timeB.which partsC.how longD.how severeA.In additionB.ButC.InsteadD.As a resultA.extinctionB.extinctiveC.extinctD.extinguishedA.underplayB.

9、underrateC.understateD.undermineA.ratherB.asC.butD.exceptA.facultyB.optionC.prospectD.professionA.plotB.blockC.patchD.pieceA.high-productionB.low-productionC.high-yieldD.low-yieldA.noB.possibleC.imminentD.constant二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead the following four texts, A

10、nswer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.BText 1/BAmericans are now flying the crowded, cranky skies. Flight delays in January were the worst for that month since 1999. Weather is always the primary cause of delays. Add to that the US Airways

11、Christmas baggage meltdown and Comairs computer failure, the combination of which left hundreds of thousands of fliers stranded at airports.But airline employees see a deeper reason for both the increase in delays and passenger complaints: a demoralized and frustrated workforce thats being asked to

12、do more even as its getting paid lass.The airlines and unions are quick to praise their workers for rising to the challenge during these very difficult times, as well as for carrying the brunt of the cost cutting. But unease is growing within the ranks. And passengers have noticed. For instance, som

13、e of the so-called older carriers now require gate agents to clean the planes as well as check people in. So some passengers have found themselves without a customer-service agent to talk to until just before the plane leaves. Pilots find themselves stuck at the gate because their Crew of flight att

14、endants has already worked as long as the FAA would allow them to. “Theyve cut employees to such a degree that they dont have enough employees to do the job and serve the customers properly,“ says one pilot.The major airlines contend thats not the case at all. Jeff Green, a spokesman for United Airl

15、ines, says the major carriers have shrunk significantly since 9/11. While there are far fewer employees, the airline also has far fewer flights. He also notes that United has had its best on-time performance in the past two years and that internal gauges of customer satisfaction are up. “What our em

16、ployees are going through is not having an effect on our customer service,“ says Mr. Green. Employees on the front line tell a different story. “Theyre just closing the doors and releasing the brake so they can report an on- time departure, when in reality they may still be loading cargo for 30 minu

17、tes.“Aviation experts contend that if thats the case, the major airlines may find even more challenges ahead. As their fare structures and prices come closer to those of the successful low-cost carriers, customer service will become even more crucial in determining which airlines succeed. “The way y

18、oure treated on the plane speaks a lot as to whether youll fly that airline again,“ says Helane Becker, an airline analyst. “Its not the be-all and end-all. Its not going to put an airline out of business. But its not going to help it a lot either if theyre already in trouble.“（分数：10.00）(1).Airline

19、delays may result in（分数：2.00）A.Christmas baggage meltdown.B.the sharp reduction of flights.C.airline companies bankruptcy.D.the interruption of passenger flow.(2).The employees might think, if airline delay is to be avoided, the key factor is（分数：2.00）A.cost-cutting.B.sophisticated workers.C.high-spi

20、rited crew.D.good customer service.(3).The example mentioned in paragraph 3 shows that（分数：2.00）A.largely reducing staff is not wise.B.cost cutting is not necessary.C.customers are not taken seriously.D.flight attendants are overloaded by FAA.(4).In the eyes of Green, United Airlines（分数：2.00）A.is not

21、 experiencing a difficult time.B.faces rising customer demands.C.has fewer opponents after 9/11.D.provides good service despite fewer workers.(5).Aviation experts believe that the customer service of the major airlines（分数：2.00）A.is of little importance.B.is close to that of low cost carriers.C.decid

22、es whether they will survive.D.should not be ignored.BText 2/BThis election year, the debate over cloning technology has become a circus - and hardly anybody has noticed the gorilla hiding in the tent. Even while President Bush has endorsed throwing scientists in jail to stop “reckless experiments“,

23、 its just possible the First Amendment will protect researchers who want to perform cloning research.Dr. Leon Kass, the chairman of the Presidents Council on Bioethics, would like to keep that a secret. “I dont want to encourage such thinking,“ he said. But the notion that the First Amendment create

24、s a “right to research“ has been around for a long time, and Kass knows it. In 1977, four eminent legal scholars - Thomas Emerson, Jerome Barron, Walter Berns and Harold P. Green - were asked to testify before the House Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space. At the time, there was alarm in t

25、he country over recombinant DNA. Some people feared clones, designer babies, a plague of superbacteria. The committee wanted to know if the federal government should, or could, restrict the science. “Certainly the overwhelming tenor of the testimony was in favor of protecting it,“ Barron, who now te

26、aches at George Washington University, recalls.Barns, a conservative political scientist, was forced to agree. He didnt like this conclusion, be- cause he feared the consequences of tinkering with nature, but even after consulting with Kass before his testimony, he told Congress that “the First Amen

27、dment protected this kind of research.“ Today, he believes it protects cloning experiments as well. Law-review articles written at the time supported Barns, and so would a report issued by Congresss Office of Technology Assessment (O. T. A. ). But the courts never got the chance to face the right-to

28、-research issue squarely. An oversight body called the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, formed by the National Institutes of Health, essentially allowed science to police itself. So the discussion was submerged. Until now.Why legal scholars would defend the right to research is hardly mysterious.

29、 The founding fathers passionately defended scientific and academic freedom, and the Supreme Court has traditionally had a high regard for it. But why would the right to read, write and speak as you please extend to the tight to experiment in the lab?Neoconservatives like Kass have emphasized the ne

30、ed to maintain a fixed conception of human nature. But the O. T.A. directly addressed this in a 1981 report. “Even if the rationale, were expanded to include situations where knowledge threatens fundamental cultural values about the nature of man, control of research for such a reason probably would

31、 not be constitutionally permissible,“The government can restrict speech if it can prove a “compelling interest,“ like public safety or national security. But courts have set that bar very high. Unlike, say, an experiment that releases smallpox into the wind to study how it spreads, which could be b

32、anned, embryo research presents no readily apparent danger to public health or security. And if thats the case, scientists who wish to create stem cells by cloning might have a new source of succor: the U.S. Constitution.（分数：10.00）(1).The views of Kass and O. T.A. on cloning research are（分数：2.00）A.i

33、dentical.B.similar.C.complementary.D.opposite.(2).Which of the following is strongly against cloning research?（分数：2.00）A.The National Institutes of Health.B.The federal government.C.The supreme court.D.Congresss office of Technology -Assessment.(3).The word “it“ (Line 8, Para. 2) most probably refer

34、s to（分数：2.00）A.the First Amendment.B.cloning experiment.C.the US government.D.recombinant DNA.(4).It is broadly accepted that by the First Amendment, cloning experiments should be（分数：2.00）A.funded by the government.B.restricted by laws.C.protected to some extent.D.discussed thoroughly.(5).The author

35、 considers that in the case of cloning experiments, the First Amendment（分数：2.00）A.plays a crucial supporting role.B.derives from scientific development.C.is highly spoken of by the government.D.ignores the danger of a restless society.BText 3/BWithout an oversized calendar tacked to their kitchen wa

36、ll, Fern Reiss and her family could never keep track of all the meetings, appointments, home-schooling lessons, and activities that fill their busy days. “Im not sure they make a calendar large enough for us,“ says Ms. Reiss of Newton, Mass. , explaining that her life revolves around “two companies,

37、 three children, a spouse, a lot of community involvement, a social life, the kids social life, and volunteering in a soup kitchen every week.“ “Everybody we know is leading a frenetic life,“ she adds. “Ours is frenetic, too, but were spending the bulk of our time with our kids. Even though were hav

38、ing a crazy life, were having it in the right way.“Although extreme busyness is hardly a new phenomenon, the subject is getting renewed attention from researchers. “A good life has to do with life having a direction, life having a narrative with the stories we tel1 ourselves,“ Chuck Darrah, an anthr

39、opologist, says. “Busyness fragments all that. Were absolutely focused on getting through the next hour, the next day, the next week. It does raise questions: If not busyness, what? If we werent so Busy, what would we be doing? If people werent so busy, would they be a poet, a painter?“For the Reiss

40、es, part of living a good life, however busy, means including the couples children in volunteer work and community activities. “We want the kids to see that thats a priority,“ she says,Between working full time as a publicist, caring for her home, spending time with her husband and extended family,

41、and helping her grandmother three times a week, a woman .says, “I am exhaust- ed all the time.“ Like others, she concedes that she sets “somewhat unrealistic expectations“ for what she can accomplish in a day,Being realistic is a goal Darrah encourages, saying, “We can do everything, but we cant do

42、everything well and at the same time.“ He cautions that busyness can result in “poor decisions, sloppy quality, and neglect of the things and people that matter most in the long run.“ He advises: “Stop taking on so much, and keep in perspective whats most important to you.“ Darrahs own schedule re-

43、mains full, but he insists he does not feel busy. His secret? Confining activities to things he must do and those he wants to do. He and his wife do not overschedule their children. To those with one eye on the calendar and the other on the deck, Darrah offers this advice: “Before you take anything

44、on, ask yourself: Do you have to do this? Do you want to do this? Live with a kind of mindfulness so you dont wake up and discover that your life is a whirl of transportation and communication, and youve hollowed yourself out.“（分数：10.00）(1).The author would describe the Reisses life as（分数：2.00）A.cra

45、zy and meaningless.B.tedious but orderly.C.hasty and messy.D.busy but sensible.(2).What does the author mean by saying “If people werent so busy, would they be a poet, a painter“ ?（分数：2.00）A.It will take pains to become an artist as poet or painter.B.Life will become tedious if people are not so bus

46、y.C.Poets and painters are usually considered to be idle.D.People may fulfill their personal dreams if not so busy.(3).The example of the publicist is used to show most peoples（分数：2.00）A.enthusiasm for diligence.B.chaos in their schedule.C.desire to achieve too much.D.hardships in daily life.(4).As

47、for their children, parents are supposed by Darrah to（分数：2.00）A.involve them in volunteer work as much as they can.B.teach them how to arrange their schedule.C.give them sufficient spare time.D.make full arrangement for their after-school time.(5).In Darrahs opinion, people should（分数：2.00）A.abandon

48、things of little importance.B.take on things they believe they can do.C.get rid of their selfish greed.D.avoid some exhausting tasks.BText 4/BWhat is less well understood by the general public is that- there have been a number of trends which have further contributed to the diminishment of excavatio

49、n as an activity. As Bahn puts it “there have been two major trends over time: first, excavation has become far slower and more painstaking The work is incredibly meticulous. Secondly, we can learn far more from what we have.“ The conclusions to be drawn from this would appear to be contradictory.As technology improves we ar