SANS 19111-2009 Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates《地理信息 坐标系的空间参考》.pdf

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1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA

2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any

3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-22988-7 SANS 19111:2009Edition 2 ISO 19111:2007Edition 2 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Geographic information Spatial referencing by coo

4、rdinates This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 19111:2007, and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 1

5、2 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 19111:2009 Edition 2 ISO 19111:2007 Edition 2 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 71E, Information technology - Geographic information, in accordance with procedures of the

6、 SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in September 2009. This SANS document supersedes SANS 19111:2003 (edition 1). Reference numberISO 19111:2007(E)ISO 2007INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO19111Second edition2007-07-01Geographic inf

7、ormation Spatial referencing by coordinates Information gographique Systme de rfrences spatiales par coordonnes SANS 19111:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 19111:2007(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded

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12、r. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2007 All rights reservedSANS 19111:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing c

13、lients of the SABS .ISO 19111:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Conformance requirements. 1 3 Normative references . 1 4 Terms and definitions. 2 5 Conventions 7 5.1 Symbols . 7 5.2 Abbreviated terms 7 5.3 UML notation. 8 5.4 Attribute sta

14、tus . 9 6 Spatial referencing by coordinates Overview . 9 6.1 Relationship between coordinates and coordinate reference system 9 6.2 UML model for spatial referencing by coordinates Overview . 11 7 Identified Object package 12 7.1 General. 12 7.2 UML schema for the Identified Object package. 12 8 Co

15、ordinate Reference System package . 15 8.1 Reference system . 15 8.2 Coordinate reference system 15 8.3 UML schema for the Coordinate Reference System package . 17 9 Coordinate System package 23 9.1 Introduction . 23 9.2 Coordinate system 23 9.3 Coordinate system axis . 24 9.4 UML schema for the Coo

16、rdinate System package 25 10 Datum package . 34 10.1 Types of datums . 34 10.2 Geodetic datum. 34 10.3 UML schema for the Datum package34 11 Coordinate Operation package . 41 11.1 General characteristics of coordinate operations. 41 11.2 UML schema for the Coordinate Operation package 41 Annex A (no

17、rmative) Abstract test suite 51 Annex B (informative) Context for modelling of spatial referencing by coordinates . 53 Annex C (informative) Spatial referencing by coordinates Geodetic concepts 62 Annex D (informative) Examples 65 Annex E (informative) Recommended best practice for interfacing to IS

18、O 19111 77 Bibliography . 78 SANS 19111:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 19111:2007(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of nation

19、al standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internatio

20、nal organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rule

21、s given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at l

22、east 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19111 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 2

23、11, Geographic information/Geomatics, in close collaboration with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 19111:2003), which has been technically revised. SANS 19111:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription

24、 and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 19111:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved vIntroduction Geographic information contains spatial references which relate the features represented in the data to positions in the real world. Spatial references fall into two categories: those using coordinates

25、; those based on geographic identifiers. Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers is defined in ISO 19112 4. This International Standard describes the data elements, relationships and associated metadata required for spatial referencing by coordinates. It describes the elements that are necessa

26、ry to fully define various types of coordinate systems and coordinate reference systems applicable to geographic information. The subset of elements required is partially dependent upon the type of coordinates. This International Standard also includes optional fields to allow for the inclusion of n

27、on-essential coordinate reference system information. The elements are intended to be both machine and human readable. The traditional separation of horizontal and vertical position has resulted in coordinate reference systems that are horizontal (2D) and vertical (1D) in nature, as opposed to truly

28、 three-dimensional. It is established practice to define a three-dimensional position by combining the horizontal coordinates of a point with a height or depth from a different coordinate reference system. In this International Standard, this concept is defined as a compound coordinate reference sys

29、tem. The concept of coordinates can be expanded from a strictly spatial context to include time. ISO 19108 describes temporal schema. Time can be added as a temporal coordinate reference system within a compound coordinate reference system. It is even possible to add two time-coordinates, provided t

30、he two coordinates describe different independent quantities. EXAMPLE An example is the time/space position of a subsurface point of which the vertical coordinate is expressed as the two-way travel time of a sound signal in milliseconds, as is common in seismic imaging. A second time-coordinate indi

31、cates the time of observation, usually expressed in whole years. Certain scientific communities use three-dimensional systems where horizontal position is combined with a non-spatial parameter. In these communities, the parameter is considered to be a third, vertical axis. The parameter, although va

32、rying monotonically with elevation or depth, does not necessarily vary in a simple manner; thus, conversion from the parameter to height or depth is non-trivial. The parameters concerned are normally absolute measurements and the datum is taken with reference to a direct physical measurement of the

33、parameter. These non-spatial parameters are beyond the scope of this International Standard. However, the modelling constructs described within this International Standard can be applied through a profile specific to a community. In addition to describing a coordinate reference system, this Internat

34、ional Standard provides for the description of a coordinate transformation or a coordinate conversion between two different coordinate reference systems. With such information, spatial data referred to different coordinate reference systems can be related to one specified coordinate reference system

35、. This facilitates spatial data integration. Alternatively, an audit trail of coordinate reference system manipulations can be maintained. SANS 19111:2009This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .SANS 19111:2009This s tandard may only b

36、e used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19111:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates 1 Scope This International Standard defines the conceptual schema for the description of s

37、patial referencing by coordinates, optionally extended to spatio-temporal referencing. It describes the minimum data required to define one-, two- and three-dimensional spatial coordinate reference systems with an extension to merged spatial-temporal reference systems. It allows additional descripti

38、ve information to be provided. It also describes the information required to change coordinates from one coordinate reference system to another. In this International Standard, a coordinate reference system does not change with time. For coordinate reference systems defined on moving platforms such

39、as cars, ships, aircraft and spacecraft, the transformation to an Earth-fixed coordinate reference system can include a time element. This International Standard is applicable to producers and users of geographic information. Although it is applicable to digital geographic data, its principles can b

40、e extended to many other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and text documents. The schema described can be applied to the combination of horizontal position with a third non-spatial parameter which varies monotonically with height or depth. This extension to non-spatial data is beyond th

41、e scope of this International Standard but can be implemented through profiles. 2 Conformance requirements This International Standard defines two classes of conformance, Class A for conformance of coordinate reference systems and Class B for coordinate operations between two coordinate reference sy

42、stems. Any coordinate reference system claiming conformance to this International Standard shall satisfy the requirements given in A.1. Any coordinate operation claiming conformance to this International Standard shall satisfy the requirements given in A.2. 3 Normative references The following refer

43、enced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the cited edition applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/TS 19103, Geographic information Conceptual schema language ISO

44、19108, Geographic information Temporal schema ISO 19115, Geographic information Metadata Normative reference to ISO 19115 is restricted as follows. In this International Standard, normative reference to ISO 19115 excludes the MD_CRS class and its component classes. ISO 19115 class MD_CRS and its com

45、ponent classes specify descriptions of coordinate reference systems elements. These elements are modelled in this International Standard. NOTE The MD_CRS class and its component classes were deleted from ISO 19115:2003 through Technical Corrigendum 1:2006. SANS 19111:2009This s tandard may only be u

46、sed and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 19111:2007(E) 2 ISO 2007 All rights reserved4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 affine coordinate system coordinate system in Euclidean space with s

47、traight axes that are not necessarily mutually perpendicular 4.2 Cartesian coordinate system coordinate system which gives the position of points relative to n mutually perpendicular axes NOTE n is 2 or 3 for the purposes of this International Standard. 4.3 compound coordinate reference system coord

48、inate reference system using at least two independent coordinate reference systems NOTE Coordinate reference systems are independent of each other if coordinate values in one cannot be converted or transformed into coordinate values in the other. 4.4 concatenated operation coordinate operation consi

49、sting of sequential application of multiple coordinate operations 4.5 coordinate one of a sequence of n numbers designating the position of a point in n-dimensional space NOTE In a coordinate reference system, the coordinate numbers are qualified by units. 4.6 coordinate conversion coordinate operation in which both coordinate reference systems are based on the same datum EXAMPLE Conversion from an ellipsoidal coordinate reference system based on the WGS 84 datum to a Cartesian coordinate reference system also based on the WGS