SAE PT-163-2015 Ice Accretion and Icing Technology (To Purchase Call 1-800-854-7179 USA Canada or 303-397-7956 Worldwide).pdf

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1、PROGRESS IN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Ice Accretion and Icing Technology Ice Accretion and Icing Technology Flemming, Robert J. Robert J. Flemming PT-163 ISBN: 978-0-7680-8120-6 Ice Accretion and Icing Technology Robert J. Flemming The e ects of in ight atmospheric icing can be devastating to aircraft. Univ

2、ersities and industry have been hard at work to respond to the challenge of maintaining ight safety in all weather conditions. Proposed changes in the regulations for operation in icing conditions are sure to keep this type of research and development at its highest level. This is especially true fo

3、r the e ects of ice crystals in the atmosphere, and for the threat associated with supercooled large drop (SLD) icing. This collection of ten SAE International technical papers brings together vital contributions to the subject. Icing on aircraft surfaces would not be a problem if a material were di

4、scovered that prevented the freezing and accretion of supercooled drops. Many options that appeared to have promising icephobic properties have had serious shortfalls in durability. Yet, the search continues. One path has been to nd a material that at least reduces the ice adhesion so that lower val

5、ues of force can remove the accreted ice. The other has been to understand the mechanics of drop adhesion to a substrate. This collection addresses, among other topics, the measurement techniques and the drop physics that apply to icing, certi cation for ight through ice crystal clouds and in superc

6、ooled large drops, improvements in predictive techniques, scaling methods, test facilities and techniques, and rotorcraft icing. Robert J. Flemming Mr. Flemming completed a 45-year Sikorsky Aircraft career in June 2012. As a technical fellow prior to retirement, he served as an engineering mentor an

7、d advisor, while also serving as the chief of Sikorskys icing research, development, and certi cation activities. With over thirty years of experience in the eld of icing, he is an internationally recognized aerodynamicist and aircraft icing expert, and has authored or coauthored over 90 technical r

8、eports, conference publications, and other documents, many of which are publically-available icing reports, articles, and papers. He led the project that resulted in the icing certi cation of the Sikorsky S-92A helicopter, assisted in the icing certi cation of the Polish PZL Mielec M28 airplane, and

9、 recently compiled material for an FAA rotorcraft icing handbook. Mr. Flemming is a member of the American Helicopter Society, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the SAE AC-9C Aircraft Icing Technology Committee. He has had leadership roles in several international icing con

10、ferences and is the co-chair for the SAE International Conference on Icing scheduled for Prague in June 2015. Mr. Flemming is an American Helicopter Society Technical Fellow (2009) and was honored with the Sikorsky Donald L. Ferris Lifetime Achievement Award (2005), the American Helicopter Society H

11、oward Hughes Award (2006 and 2014), the Purdue University Outstanding Aerospace Engineer Award (2011), and the SAE Charles M. Manly Memorial Medal Award (2013). He was awarded two patents for aerodynamic designs, one patent for the S-92A dual-channel rotor ice protection system, and two icing patent

12、s for ice protection and icing instrument concepts. SAE INTERNATIONAL AEROSPACEIce Accretion and Icing TechnologyOther SAE books of interest: Aircraft Maintenance By Bruce R. Aubin (Product Code: T-115) Integrated Vehicle Health Maintenance: Perspectives on an Emerging Field By Ian K. Jennions (Prod

13、uct Code: R-405) Care and Repair of Advanced Composites, Second Edition By Keith Armstrong, William Cole, and Graham Bevan (Product Code: R-336) For more information or to order a book, contact: SAE INTERNATIONAL 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096 Phone: +1.877.606.7323 (U.S. and Canada onl

14、y) or +1.724.776.4970 (outside U.S. and Canada) Fax: +1.724.776.0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org Website: books.sae.orgIce Accretion and Icing Technology Robert J. Flemming Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA Copyright 2015 SAE International eISBN: 978-0-7680-8189-3Copyright 2015 SAE International. All

15、rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of SAE International. For permission and licensing requests, contact SAE Permissions, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Wa

16、rrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA; e-mail: copyrightsae.org; phone: 724-772-4028; fax: 724-772- 9765. Library of Congress Catalog Number 2015936080 SAE Order Number PT-163 http:/dx.doi.org/10.4271/PT-163 Information contained in this work has been obtained by SAE International from sources believed to be

17、reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither SAE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is publis

18、hed with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. ISBN-Print 978-0-7680-8120-6 ISBN-P

19、DF 978-0-7680-8189-3 ISBN-epub 978-0-7680-8191-6 ISBN-prc 978-0-7680-8190-9 To purchase bulk quantities, please contact SAE Customer Service e-mail: CustomerServicesae.org phone: +1.877.606.7323 (inside USA and Canada) +1.724.776.4970 (outside USA) fax: +1.724.776.0790 Visit the SAE Bookstore at boo

20、ks.sae.org 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096 E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: +1.877.606.7323 (inside USA and Canada)+1.724.776.4970 (outside USA) Fax: +1.724.776.0790v Table of Contents Introduction . vii Effect of Stagnation Flow on an Impacting Water Droplet on a Superhydrophobic S

21、urface (2013-01-2174) . 1 Icing Process of Supercooled-Water Droplet Moving on a Surface by Using Luminescent Temperature-Imaging Technique (2013-01-2210) . 7 Considerations on the Use of Hydrophobic, Superhydrophobic or Icephobic Coatings as a Part of the Aircraft Ice Protection System (2013-01-210

22、8) 13 Evaluation of Icing Scaling on Swept NACA 0012 Airfoil Models (2011-38-0081) 25 New SLD Icing Capabilities at DGA Aero-engine Testing (2011-38-0086) 39 S-76D Tail Rotor Ice Impact Test (2011-38-0101) 47 Numerical Correlation Between Meteorological Parameters and Aerodynamic Performance Degrada

23、tion of Iced Airfoils (2013-01-2137) . 61 Calculation of Ice Shapes on Oscillating Airfoils (2011-38-0015) . 75 Oscillating Airfoil Icing Tests in the NASA Glenn Research Center Icing Research Tunnel (2011-38-0016) . 85 In-Flight Icing of UAVs - The Influence of Reynolds Number on the Ice Accretion

24、Process (2011-01-2572) 95 About the Editor 107vii Introduction Research is now underway in many organizations in Europe, Asia, and North America to better understand the effects of inflight atmospheric icing and to identify ways to better protect aircraft from the icing threat. There have been many

25、periods of icing research during the decades since aircraft first encountered icing conditions, but there have also been some lulls in that activity. These lulls are now a thing of the past as the staffs of research centers, universities, and industry conduct research in response to the requirements

26、 of the aircraft industry throughout the world. The goal is to maintain flight safety in all-weather conditions. Proposed changes in the regulations for opera- tion in icing conditions are sure to keep icing research and development at this high level. This is especially true for the effects of ice

27、crystals in the atmosphere, and for the threat associated with supercooled large drop (SLD) icing. There were fifteen inflight icing presentations during the past four AeroTech Congresses and ten of these presenta- tions were documented in written technical papers. A large number of inflight icing p

28、apers were presented at the SAE 2011 International Conference on Aircraft and Engine Icing and Ground Deicing, held in Chicago and organized by SAE International. This conference attracted a large num- ber of papers with parallel sessions required to accommo- date the number of quality papers offere

29、d. There were 75 inflight icing presentations out of a total of 108 icing presen- tations. The inflight icing papers included presentations on advances in icing certification, ice protection, the effects of ice crystals in the atmosphere, and the effects of large drop icing (including freezing drizz

30、le and freezing rain). Of the 75 inflight icing presentations, 59 had written papers. The 69 papers from the recent conferences, 10 in the last four AeroTech meetings, and 59 in the SAE 2011 Interna- tional Conference on Aircraft and Engine Icing and Ground Deicing, had significant international con

31、tent, as shown in Table 1. A number of organizations contributed papers to these recent SAE conferences, with some papers authored by individuals representing more than one organization. Table 2 identifies the organizations contributing more than two papers. Table 1 International Icing Content of Re

32、cent SAE Conferences Country Number of Papers * United States of America 32 Canada 18 Japan 5 United Kingdom 5 France 4 Brazil 2 Republic of Korea 2 Peoples Republic of China 1 Italy 1 The Netherlands 1 Poland 1 Spain 1 Turkey 1 * Numbers total greater than 69, since some papers had authors from mor

33、e than one country. Table 2 International Icing Content of Recent SAE Conferences Organization Number of Papers * NASA and its contractors 14 McGill and Newmerical Technologies Inc. 7 National Research Council of Canada 6 Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation 5 Bell Helicopter Textron 4 Boeing Aircraft 4 Pe

34、nnsylvania State University 3 * Many papers had authors from more than one organiza- tion. The popular four-year cycle of international icing conferenc- es offered many in the icing field the opportunity to present the results of their icing work conducted during the previous four years. 1The pace o

35、f icing research and development has not slowed and AC-9C and others in the icing technical community determined that there is sufficient new work to justify yet another conference. 1 There have also been other icing conferences dealing primarily with operational issues for flight in icing condition

36、s.viii SAE decided to offer a wider distribution for the best of the papers from recent conferences, with emphasis on those with the greatest interest to the aviation community. The result is a collection of ten papers that best represent sub- jects of interest to the icing community and other inter

37、ested parties. Two topics are not significantly represented in this publica- tion. While important and of current interest, ice crystal ic- ing is not included due to the rapid evolution of work on this subject. Ice crystals in the atmosphere have been blamed for inflight engine rollbacks and shutdo

38、wns, as well as the mis-reporting of aircraft airspeed, but the phenomenon is not yet well understood. Research is being conducted to better understand the effects of ice crystals on engines and instruments, to define the risk, and to look for solu- tions. Currently, awareness of and avoidance of hi

39、gh risk conditions appear to be the best solutions for the ice crystal issue. For example, it was reported by Air Indias P. Balachandran in the DNA India e-paper on December 26, 2013, that there is “no solution in sight to the problem of formation of ice crystals in the engines of Air Indias Boe- in

40、g 787 Dreamliner aircraftattributed to the installation of newly designed blades.” In November 2013, Mr. Balachan- dran went on to say, “Earlier, there was no mechanism available with Boeing to test the efficiency of the newly designed blades. But now, since its available and the prob- lem has been

41、pointed out, the manufacturer has asked us to take the precautionary step of avoiding thunder storms. Normally, other aircraft avoid thunderstorms by deviating just 1020 nautical miles.” Boeing issued an advisory urg- ing airlines to alter course by 50 nautical miles when faced with a cloudburst, si

42、nce accompanying ice crystals may af- fect engine and aircraft performance. The problem is more frequent on tropical routes. Because ice crystal effects are getting much attention in other venues and was a major subject topic at the SAE 2015 International Conference on Icing of Aircraft, Engines, an

43、d Structures, the collection of papers that follow does not include any papers specifically on ice crystals in the atmosphere. A whole publication such as this could be dedicated to the subject of icing analytical methods (codes). There is also a lot of good work in the development of the prediction

44、 of ice accretion and the effects of ice accretion. Since this pub- lication is limited in the number of papers, it was decided that papers on codes would be limited, even though many code papers are of high quality and of wide interest. This collection includes only those code papers that comple- m

45、ent other papers in the collection. The papers selected for this publication address the effects of inflight icing for more than a single topic or discipline. Table 3 summarizes the subjects for the selected papers. Icing on aircraft surfaces would not be a problem if a mate- rial were discovered th

46、at prevented the freezing and accre- tion of supercooled drops. Researchers have been looking for this magic material for decades, but with little success. Many materials that appeared to have promising icephobic properties have had serious shortfalls in durability. Even after years of failures to i

47、dentify an acceptable icephobic material, research continues to work on two fronts to find icephobic solutions for ice protection. One is to find a mate- rial that at least reduces the ice adhesion so that lower val- ues of force can remove the accreted ice. The second is to understand the mechanics

48、 of drop adhesion to a substrate. The terms hydrophobic and superhydrophobic have been coined to describe the relationship between a drop and the substrate in terms of a contact angle and these terms are defined in the first two papers in this collection. The first several papers in this collection

49、introduce the measurement techniques and the drop physics that apply to icing. Most of the papers in this collection provide infor- mation on test techniques used within the icing research community. The figures in paper 2013-01-2108 may aid the reader in understanding the definition of contact angle for icephobic studies. Table 3 Topics for the Papers Included in this Publication Paper ID Phobicities Analysis Test Shed Ice SLD Airfoils Engines Rotorcraft UAS/ UAV 2174 X X X X 2210 X X X 2108 X X X 0081 X X 0086 X X X 0101 X X X 2137