CIE 45-1979 Lighting for Ice Sports (E)《冰上运动用照明(E)》.pdf

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1、 CIE 45 79 900634.5 0001831 bLT COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE L ECLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNA TIONAL E BEL EUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION LIGHTING FOR ICE SPORTS PUBLICATION CIE No 45 (TC-4.4) 1979 BUREAU CENTRAL DE LA CIE 52, BOULEVARD MALESHERBES 75008 PARIS - FRANCE COPYRIGHT Int

2、ernational Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services - CIE 45 79 9006345 0003832 55b -2- C I E TECHNICAL COMMITTEE REPORT This report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4.4 Sports Lighting. It has been approved by the majority of the Technical Committee and is rec

3、ommended for study and application. This report is not an Officially Agreed CIE Recommendation approved by the National Cornmitrees of the Member Countries of the CIE. It should be noted that any recommendations in this report are advisory and not manda- tory. The latest CIE Proceedings or CIE Bulle

4、tin should be consulted regarding the current status of this report and possible subsequent amendments, Ce rapport a t prpar par le Comit Technique 4.4, Eclairage pour la pratique des sports, de la CIE. I1 a t approuv par la majorit du Comit Technique et il est recommand pour tude et application. Ce

5、 rapport nest pas une Recommandation officielle de la CIE, approuve par les Comits Nationaux des Pays Membres de la CIE. I1 doit tre not que toute recommandation y figurant est donne titre de conseil et non dobligation. En ce qui concerne la situation prsente de ce Rapport et dventuelles modificatio

6、ns, il faut consulter le plus rcent Compte Rendu de Session ou Bulletin de la CIE. Dieser Bericht wurde vom Technischen Komitee 4.4 Sportstttenbe- leuchtung der CIE ausgearbeitet. Er wurde durch die Mehr- heit des Technischen Komittes gebilligt und wird zum Studium und zur Anwendung empfohlen. Diese

7、r Bericht ist keine offiziell anerkannte CIE-Empfehlung, der die Natio- nalen Komitees der Nikgliedslnder der CIE zugestimmt haben. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, da3 jede Empfehlung in diesem Bericht als Anleitung dient und nicht verbindlich ist. Was den gegenwrtigen Status dieses Berichtes und mgliche

8、r Nachfolgeausgaben angeht, ziehe man die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE-Bulletin zu Rate. ISBN 92-9034-045-8 2 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 45 79 W 900bL45 0001833 492 = -3- This document has been prepared by the Committe

9、e for Sports Lighting TC-4.4 during the period 1974 - 1977. Composition of the Committee during this period was: Chairman : A. Wald Germany Secretary : C.-H. Zieseni 11 Coordinator : H.W. Bodmann 11 Members : D. Augustsson R.C. Aldworth J.J. Balder W.H.C. Bunnet G.R. Chahparunians P. Gergely R. Gran

10、di B. Habro M. Hennaux E. Kasurinen H. Kessler S.W. McKnight Th. Lemons J. Maior D. Mendes Ib. Ovensen R, Paligorec H. Prochazka S. Raso J. Ringen J.M. Rivero T. Saitow M. Sand H. Stuven Lira J. Valin N. Vassilev M. Wierzbowski W. Wilmans/R. Yates Iceland Great Britain Netherlands Austral ia USSR Hu

11、ngary Italy Sweden Belgium Finland Switzerland Canada USA Rumania Portugal Denmark Yugoslavia Austria Czechoslovenska Norway Spain Japan Israel Chile France Bulgaria Poland South Africa COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services-4- Summary This report

12、 presents a survey of experience in lighting for ice sports in particular for skating, figure skating, ice hockey and curling. The report specifies general lighting requirements with regard to illuminance, uniformity, modelling, glare control, color and color rendering. It provides guidance for sele

13、cting lamps and luminaires as well as for the arrangement and installation of the lighting system. Ce document offre une vue densemble de lexprience acquise pour lclairage des sports de glace, en particulier le patinage classique et artistique, le hockey sur glace et le curling. Ce rapport donne, po

14、ur 1 clairage gnral, des prescriptions dclairement, duniformit, de relief, de limitation de lblouis- sement, de couleur et de rendu des couleurs. I1 contient des indications, 5 la fois sur le choix des lampes et des luminaires et sur la disposition et linstallation du systme dclairage. Zusammenfassu

15、ng Dieser Bericht gibt einen berblick der Erfahrungen bei der Beleuchtung von Eissport-Anlagen, insbesondere fr Eislauf, Eiskunstlauf, Eishockey und Eisstockschieen. Der Bericht spezifiziert allgemeine Anforderungen an die Beleuchtung in Hinsicht auf Beleuchtungsstrke, Gleichmigkeit, Modellierung, B

16、lendungskontrolle, Farbe und Farbw5edergabe. Er gibt Hinweise zur Auswahl von Lampen und Leuchten sowie zur Anordnung und Installation des Beleuchtungssystems. COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 45 79 9006345 0001835 265 I -5- CONTENTS 1.

17、INTRODUCTION 2. GENERAL LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS 2.1 The visual task 2.2 Illuminance 2.3 Uniformity of illuminance 2.4 Modelling 2.5 Glare control 2.6 Colour and color rendering 3. LAMPS, LUMINAIRES AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT 3.1 Types of lamp 3.1.1 For Training 3.1.2 For Competition 3.2 Types of luminaire

18、3.3 Arrangement of luminaires 4. INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 4.1 Installation and operation 4.2 Maintenance Captions to figures Figures PAGE - 7 7 7 9 11 11 13 14 19 19 19 20 21 -23 COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services-7- 1. INTRODUC

19、TION The recommendations apply to the artificial lighting of outdoor and indoor ice rinks for the following types of sport: Amateur skating (for recreation) Speed skating Figure skating Ice Hockey Curling 2. GENERAL LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS 2.1 The visual task High standards of lighting are required fo

20、r compe- titive ice sports to ensure that the skaters and the spectators can follow the rapid movement that occurs. This applies in particular to ice hockey, where the small, fast-moving puck must be clearly seen. These requirements are particularly exacting in large halls where the spectators are a

21、t some considerable distance from the playing area. The visibility of moving objects is dependent upon the angular size, speed and luminance contrast of the object, the luminance of its background and the luminance of the surroundings. The most demanding visual task in ice hockey is to see and locat

22、e the fast moving puck from the maximum distance, against a background of ice. After the ice has been in use for a short time, it is covered Previous page is blank COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 45 79 9006145 0001837 038 I -8- with fine

23、 particles of ice (ice-granulate) and can then be regarded as a diffuse reflector. Visibility is improved appreciably if the rink luminance is raised, thus giving better contrast. The background against which the game is viewed, should also be free of strong patterns and sudden changes in luminance.

24、 In order to avoid a large difference in brightness between the field of play and its surroundings, which can lead to visual fatigue as a result of the need for con- tinuous adaptation, the spectator area should be illuminated to at least l/3 of the average illumi- nance over the sports area (see al

25、so 2.5). This is also important for television broadcasting and f ilming. If figure skating is to be enjoyed by the spectators and marked accurately by the judges it is necessary for them to observe details of foot work and hand movement which can be very fast and involve-small detail. This represen

26、ts a visual task as exacting as that for ice hockey, but speed skating, although fast, does not demand the observation of such small detail. Still lower lighting values are acceptable for curling but the houses at the ends of the rink require a higher illuminance than the area between the hog-lines.

27、 Recreational skating, being a parti- cipant sport with no significant spectator interest, COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 45 79 9006345 0001838 T74 -9- requires only low lighting levels which merely enable the skaters to manoeuvre in s

28、afety and comfort, this does not represent an exacting visual task. For reasons of safety, the specta- tor accommodation should be provided with a lighting system which is independent of that for the rink. Adequate illumination should also be provided for the access.and exit routes, other public are

29、as and car parks. 2.2 Illuminance Adequate illuminance is important both for the competitors and spectators. The recommended values of horizontal illuminance for the various types of ice sports are listed in Table 1. The mean horizontal illuminance given in this Table represents the recommended serv

30、ice value for the total ice surface. Since these values apply to average operating conditions for the lighting installation, the values to be installed initially depend on local conditions,maintenance, type of light sources and luminaires chosen etc., and therefore a range of 1,2 to 1,5 times the re

31、commended service values of illuminance should be considered. This allows for the reduction of COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCIE 45 79 B! 9006345 0003839 900 - 10 - light output from the lamps throughout their life and the losses caused by

32、 dust collecting on the lamps and luminaires and also the deterioration of the reflection factor of the walls and ceiling in the hall. TABLE 1 Recommended service values of horizontal illu- minance at a height of 1 m above the ice surface Illuminance in Lux Training Competition Ice skating outdoors

33、Recreational Ice skating indoors Recreational 50 1 O0 Speed skating 1 O0 200 Figure skating max. viewing 200 500 Figure skating max. viewing 200 750 Ice hockey max. viewing 200 500 Ice hockey max. viewing 200 750 Curling - rink 1 O0 200 - house 200 500 distance less than 75 m distance more than 75 m

34、 distance less than 75 m distance more than 75 m in general, higher illuminance will be required for colour television broadcasting and filming (see CIE publication No. 28 “The lighting of sports events for colour television broadcasting“). The values tabulated for competition will normally prove su

35、fficient for black and white television broad- cast ing . COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE q5 74 900bL45 OOOL40 622 - 11 - 2.3 Uniformity of illuminance In order to ensure good visibility, the uniformity of the horizontal illuminance ove

36、r the playing surface should be within the limts tabul-ated in Table 2. TABLE 2 Uniformity of the horizontal illuminance: . Uniformity Eh . Eh min av Training Competition Ice skating outdoors 1 :4 - Ice skating indoors 1 :3 - Speed skating 1 :4 I :3 Ice hockey 1 :3 1:1,5 Curling - - Figure skating 1

37、 :3 1:1,5 The large white area of ice can accentuate effects of nonuniformity which may be caused by striations, errors in aiming or by shadows from side barriers. 2.4 Modelling The illuminance recommendations given in 2.2 are given in the horizontal plans because of the ease with which this value c

38、an be specified, calculated and measured. Nevertheless, the visibility for players and spectators is dependent upon the values of horizontal and vertical plane illuminance, since modelling of an object is related to the proportion of horizontal to vertical illuminance reaching an COPYRIGHT Internati

39、onal Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE Y5 79 I 90061iY5 OOOLBYL 569 - 12 - object from different directions. As the number of vertical planes at any one point is infinite it is conveniant to consider vertical illuminance in only 4 directions as shown in Fig. 1.

40、Fig. 1 Ev 1 If the same value the modelling, or revealing power Ev19 Ev2 Ev3 and Ev4 are approximately of of the lighting, will be poor, i.e. it will be difficult to see objects in 3 dimensions. On the other hand, excessive difference in these five values will give harsh modelling which can distort

41、the appearance of the objects. For the purpose of sports lighting, since viewing is from all direc- tions it is usual to take the respective average of each of the values for a number of points over the area, Acceptable modelling will generally be achieved if Ehav isnot greater than twice the averag

42、e value in any one of the four vertical planes. Modelling is in particular important at figure skating and ice hockey. Less stringent recommendations are acceptable for the other types of icesports. COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services- 13 - 2.5

43、 Glare Control Glare makes visual observation more difficult and reduces visual comfort. It must therefore be controlled for both players and spectators, by controlling the apparent brightness of arti- ficial light sources in the main directions of view. This is relatively easy to achieve for ice sp

44、orts as the main direction of view is below the hori- zontal. Glare control is achieved in a number of ways : a. By selecting luminaires with an intensity distribution suited to the required illuminance, uniformity, size of area and mounting height. b. Mounting luminaires out of the main field of vi

45、ew of players and spectators. c. Using additional screening devices on the lumi- maire to control the brightness in certain directions. d. For indoor areas, ensuring adequate illumination of spectators areas, upper walls and ceiling, coupled with the seitection of suitable surface reflection factors

46、 to ensure that the lighting equipment is not seen against a dark background. COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services CIE 45 79 9006345 0001843 331 M - 14 - The reflection factors recommended for major surfaces are: Ceiling 0,6 (or higher) Walls 0,

47、3 - 0,6 The reflection factor of the ceiling should be as high as possible so that the difference be- tween the luminance of the fittings and that of the ceiling is as small as possible. Where it is difficult to achieve an effective ceiling reflec- tance as high as 0,6 the luminance contrast can be

48、improved by directing light on to the roof area. e. Indirect glare can be caused by reflection of the luminaires on the ice surface. This should be avoided by suitable positioning of the luminaires, and appropriate screening. 2.6 Colour and colour rendering Where there is a high proportion of daylig

49、ht, lamps with intermediate or fcoo.1 colour appearance should be chosen to blend with the natural light, especially in the case of television broadcasting and filming. In general, the use of lamps in colour rendering Group 2 according to CIE Publication No. 29 “Guide on Interior Lighting“, Chapter 6, will be acceptable. COPYRIGHT International Commission on IlluminationLicensed by Information Handling Services3. - 15 - LAMPS, LUMINAIRES AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT 3.1 Types of lamp 3.1.1 For Trainin