BS 6068-6 9-1993 Water quality - Sampling - Guidance on sampling from marine waters《水质 第6部分 取样 第9节 海水取样导则》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS6068-6.9: 1993 ISO5667-9: 1992 Water quality Part 6: Sampling Section 6.9 Guidance on sampling from marine watersBS6068-6.9:1993 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Environment andPollution Standards Policy Committee, was published underthe author

2、ity of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 March1993 BSI 06-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee referenceEPC/44 Draft for comment91/51470DC ISBN 0 580 21628 4 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Sta

3、ndard was entrusted by the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee (EPC/-) to Technical Committee EPC/44, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Consulting Scientists British Association for Chemical Specialities British Gas plc Chemical Industries Association

4、Convention of Scottish Local Authorities Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland Department of the Environment (Water Directorate) Department of Trade and Industry (Laboratory of the Government Chemist) Electricity Association Industrial Water Society Institute of Gas Engineers Institutio

5、n of Water Officers Institution of Water and Environmental Management National Rivers Authority Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene Royal Society of Chemistry Scottish Association of Directors of Water and Sewerage Services Soap and Detergent Industry Association Water Companies Association

6、 Water Research Centre Water Services Association of England and Wales The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: Automatic Vending Association of Great Britain British Geological Survey Department of Trade and Industry (Warren Sprin

7、g Laboratory) Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Power Generation Contractors Association (BEAMA Ltd.) Society for General Microbiology Society of Chemical Industry University of Bradford Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS6068-6.9:1993 BSI 06-1999 i Contents Page Committee

8、s responsible Inside front cover National foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Sampling equipment 2 5 Sampling procedure 3 6 Safety precautions 6 7 Sample identification and records 6 Annex A (normative) Example of a sampling report form formarine waters 7 Annex B (inform

9、ative) Bibliography 8 List of references Inside back coverBS6068-6.9:1993 ii BSI 06-1999 National foreword This Section of BS6068, which has been prepared under the direction of the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee is identical with ISO5667-9:1992 Water quality Sampling Part9: Gu

10、idance on sampling from marine waters. The international standard was prepared by Subcommittee6, Sampling, of Technical Committee147, Water quality, of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) with the active participation and approval of the UK. BS6068 is being published in a series

11、 of Parts subdivided into Sections that will generally correspond to particular international standards. Sections are being, or will be, published in Parts1 to7, which together with Part0, are listed below. Part 0: Introduction; Part 1: Glossary; Part 2: Physical, chemical and biochemical methods; P

12、art 3: Radiological methods; Part 4: Microbiological methods; Part 5: Biological methods; Part 6: Sampling; Part 7: Precision and accuracy. This Part of BS6068 is one of a group of standards dealing with the sampling of specific types of water. It should be read in conjunction with BS6068-6.1, BS606

13、8-6.2 and BS6068-6.3, which deal respectively with the design of sampling programmes, sampling techniques and the preservation and handling of samples. Cross-references International standard Corresponding British Standard BS6068 Water quality ISO5667-1:1980 Section6.1:1981 Guidance on the design of

14、 sampling programmes (Identical) ISO5667-2:1991 Section6.2:1991 Guidance on sampling techniques (Identical) ISO5667-3:1985 Section6.3:1986 Guidance on the preservation and handling of samples (Identical) ISO5667-4:1987 Section6.4:1987 Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made (Identical)

15、 ISO6107-2:1989 Section1.2:1990 Additional terms relating to types of water, and treatment and storage of water and waste water, and terms used in sampling and analysis of water (Identical) ISO8199:1988 Section4.2:1989 Guide to the enumeration of micro-organisms by culture (Identical)BS6068-6.9:1993

16、 BSI 06-1999 iii A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This do

17、cument comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi toiv, pages1to8, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.iv blankISO5667-

18、9:1992(E) BSI 06-1999 1 1 Scope This part of ISO5667 provides guidance on the principles to be applied to the design of sampling programmes, sampling techniques and the handling and preservation of samples of sea water from tidal waters (for example, estuaries and tidal inlets, coastal regions and t

19、he open sea). It does not apply to the collection of samples for microbiological or biological examination. General guidance on sampling for microbiological purposes is given in ISO8199. The main objectives of this part of ISO5667 are specified in1.1 to1.4. 1.1 Quality characterization measurement M

20、easurement of variations in spatial distribution and temporal trends in water quality to establish the effects of climate, biological activity, water movements and the influences of man, and also to assist in determining the magnitude and consequences of future changes. 1.2 Quality control measureme

21、nt Measurement of water quality over a long period of time at one or more defined places to establish whether water quality, once characterized, remains suitable for defined uses such as bathing, protection of aquatic life, demineralization or cooling purposes, and to establish whether observed chan

22、ges are unacceptable. 1.3 Measurements for specific reasons Assessment of the cause, magnitude and effect of significant variations in water quality and investigation of the sources and subsequent fate of pollutants discharged into marine waters. Identification of pollution, for example invertebrate

23、, fish or bird mortality, or other conspicuous phenomena such as colour or turbidity development, or formation of floating layers of dirt or oil, which can be ascribed to discharges, spillages or even plankton blooms. However, it must be stressed that this objective is often very difficult to achiev

24、e. Mortalities may be caused by natural phenomena and cumulative pollutants may often remain largely unseen. 1.4 Examination of the effects of man-made structures Assessment of water quality variations caused by engineering developments such as barrages, jetties, bridges, breakwaters or ports, and r

25、esulting from the extensive use of marine waters for waste disposal. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO5667. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards ar

26、e subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO5667 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO5667-1:1980, Wa

27、ter quality Sampling Part1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes. ISO5667-2:1991, Water quality Sampling Part2:Guidance on sampling techniques. ISO5667-3:1985, Water quality Sampling Part3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of samples. ISO5667-4:1987, Water quality Sampling Part4: G

28、uidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made. ISO6107-2:1989, Water quality Vocabulary Part2. ISO8199:1988, Water quality General guide to the enumeration of micro-organisms by culture. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO5667, the following definitions apply. 3.1 spot sample a

29、 discrete sample taken randomly (with regard to time and/or location) from a body of waterISO6107-2 3.2 depth profile samples a series of water samples taken from various depths of a body of water at a specific locationISO5667-4 NOTE 1In order to obtain a characterization of the water quality throug

30、hout the water body it is necessary to take depth profile samples at various locations. 3.3 area profile samples a series of water samples taken from a particular depth of a body of water at various locations: in tidal waters, either length profiles (along the length of the channel) or cross profile

31、s (across the length of the channel), in coastal waters and the open sea along either a one-or two-dimensional plan-view gridISO5667-4 NOTE 2As in3.2, characterization may demand a three-dimensional approach to sampling.ISO5667-9:1992(E) 2 BSI 06-1999 3.4 composite samples two or more samples or sub

32、samples, mixed together in appropriate known proportions (either discretely or continuously), from which the average result of a desired characteristic may be obtained. The proportions are usually based on time or flow measurementsISO6107-2 4 Sampling equipment 4.1 Sample container General guidance

33、is given in ISO5667-2. It is essential that special regard be given to the need to prevent contamination or losses through absorption of the low levels of many substances prevalent in sea water, and also to the problems which arise in relation to the high ionic strength of sea water compared to most

34、 other natural waters. Glass or other inert materials should be used if there is a risk of interaction of the sample with the container. NOTE 3Further details are described by Berman and Yeats(1985) 1 . When sampling at sea, fragile containers should be avoided. 4.2 Types of sampling equipment 4.2.1

35、 Introduction Subsurface samples can be satisfactorily collected by simple (manual) submersion of the sample container. The top can then be opened, and the container allowed to fill before recapping. It is essential for the bottle to be washed out several times with the water to be sampled before th

36、e definitive sample is collected. Plastics gloves should be worn by the operator to avoid contamination of the sample which should be taken upstream or up-tide of the sampling platform and in open water. This can be achieved by taking the sample from a point ahead of the bows of a boat as it moves s

37、lowly into the wind or current. This simple method minimizes any possible contamination and prevents possible absorptive losses on the internal surfaces of a sampling device. The various mechanical aids developed to collect samples from different depths are described in4.2.2 to4.2.4. NOTE 4Further d

38、etails are included in “Methods of Seawater Analysis”(1983) 2 . 4.2.2 Open samplers and surface samplers Open samplers are open-mouthed vessels which are used for sampling at, or immediately beneath, the water surface. Open samplers cannot usually be recommended for subsurface sampling because of co

39、ntamination by the surface layer, which may contain concentrations of some compounds which are sufficiently elevated to influence the overall concentration in the bulk sample. Samples from the surface microlayer should be taken with samplers specially designed for this purpose, but it is difficult t

40、o obtain representative samples, particularly under field conditions. NOTE 5The surface microlayer can only really be sampled in a qualitative manner. However, the chemistry of the microlayer and sampling methods have been extensively reviewed by Liss(1975) 3 . 4.2.3 Closed-pipe devices Closed-pipe

41、samplers are hollow tubes fitted with valves or stoppers which are recommended for obtaining samples from defined depths (either spot samples or a series of samples) or for obtaining depth-integrated composite samples. Most closed-pipe samplers are made of polyvinylchloride (PVC) or similar material

42、 and are, therefore, a ready source of contamination. To avoid this, samplers should be internally coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), well-aged and have silicon rubber or PTFE “0” jointing rings. Internal springs made from rubber and external metal springs should be avoided where there is a

43、 risk of contamination with the determinands of interest. Two types of design exist: air displacement; open ended. Air-displacement samplers are lowered on a rope, with both orifices closed by stoppers which are attached either to a second line to the surface, or to the main lowering line by non-ela

44、stic cords which bypass a spring link in that line. Water pressure and drag limit the depth in which these samplers will operate successfully. Because of this they are most suitable for sampling in estuarine waters, but may be successfully utilized in the surface layers of more open waters.ISO5667-9

45、:1992(E) BSI 06-1999 3 Open-ended samplers are free-flushing as they are lowered through the water column on a hydrographic cable. It is imperative that a non-metallic rope/hydrographic cable be used if sampling for trace metals or hydrocarbons. The tubes are closed by tightly fitting end caps or sh

46、utters triggered electromagnetically, or by messenger weights or water pressure. When in position, the sampler should be allowed5min to “acclimatize” to its surroundings before operating. If messenger weights are to be used, they should be plastics coated. Some designs are lowered with shutters clos

47、ed, preventing contamination with the surface microlayer and water from different layers. When operating in strong currents or at great depths, the hydrographic cable is unlikely to be vertical. The location of sampling devices in the water column may be established using pressure transducers or ech

48、o sounders. In simpler situations, it is sufficient to record the length of wire drawn out and the angle of the wire and to correct to actual depth by using simple geometry. Samples from close to the seabed should be taken with samplers specially designed for this purpose. 4.2.4 Pumping devices Peri

49、staltic pumps or centrifugal pumps with impellers which are unlikely to introduce contamination can be used. Sampling tubes are lowered in the water body with the aid of a non-metallic hydrographic cable. The open end of the tube should be kept well away from the cable and the pump and the tube well flushed before the sample is taken. This type of device may be used for taking spot samples or a series of samples from defined depths, or for obtaining depth-integrated or area-integrated composite samples. Pumping device