ASTM F3028-2018 Standard Guide for Training of Search and Rescue Personnel Operating in the Alpine Environment (Alpine Endorsement).pdf

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1、Designation: F3028 13F3028 18Standard Guide forTraining of Search and Rescue Personnel Operating in theAlpine Environment (Alpine Endorsement)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3028; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the

2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, ski

3、lls, and abilities, for search andrescue personnel who conduct operations in an alpine environment.1.2 An Alpine Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the extreme conditions of the alpineenvironment, at altitudes that are likely to have a negative impact on human

4、 physiology.1.2.1 Specifically, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely andeffectively in an alpine environment.1.2.2 In addition, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely andeffectively

5、in mountainous terrain alone.1.3 An Alpine Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities toperform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined in this guide.1.4 This guide alone does not provid

6、e the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fullycollapsed structures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).1.5 Type I-IV teams (as defined inAn Alpine-endorsed individual may be a F1993) which may utilize person

7、nel trained to thisguide are Kind A (wilderness), Kind B (urban), and Kindmember of a Mountainous or Alpine Land Search Team or Task Forceor Group, as defined in Classification F1993C (mountainous), Kind D (disaster/collapse), Kind E (inland water), Kind G (cave),Kind H (mine), Kind I (avalanche), K

8、ind J (evidence/cadaver), Kind K (aircraft), and/or Kind L (unclassified)1.6 Alpine Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision as deemed appropriate by the Authority HavingJurisdiction (AHJ).1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associate

9、d with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationall

10、y recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1773 Terminolog

11、y Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering, Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF1993 Classification System of Human Land Search and Rescue ResourcesF2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team MemberF2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1) Rescuer EndorsementF3068 Guide for Contents a

12、nd Use of a Position Task Book (PTB)F3222 Terminology Relating to F32 Land Search and Rescue Standards and Guides1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F32 on Search and Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel, Trainingand Education.Current

13、edition approved Sept. 1, 2013April 1, 2018. Published October 2013May 2018. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as F302813.DOI: 10.1520/F3028-13.10.1520/F3028-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at s

14、erviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous versio

15、n. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International

16、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Other References:National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) publication PMS 304-2, “Fitness and Work Capacity”“Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills,” 8th ed.ed., Ronald C. Eng and Julie Van Pelt, eds.3. Te

17、rminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 aid climbing, na style of climbing in which the person ascending moves upward by means of fixed ladders, gear, orropes.3.1.2 alpine environment, nmountainous terrain, typically above tree line, where the ability to negotiate routes ra

18、ted Class253 is required and where travel is affected by any combination of altitude, extreme weather, extensive exposure to snow/iceobstacles, avalanche risk, and crevasses. In general, the alpine environment includes all mountainous terrain above 3,500 meters.3.1.1 alpine ice axe, nas defined by t

19、he UIAA (Union Internationale Des Associations DAlpinisme), a Type B ice tool (theUIAABasic type) with lower strength, for use in general circumstances, as on glacier for snow hiking, for ski mountaineering, etc.,and which meets the requirements of UIAA 152 or CE EN 13089:2011.3.1.2 exposure, nthe d

20、egree to which a person is exposed on a high, sheer, and unsheltered rock face.3.1.5 mountainous terrain, na tract of land characterized by steep slopes and great variations in elevation, where the abilityto negotiate routes rated Class 244, and occasionally Class 55, is required, and where travel i

21、s limited by steep to vertical rock,steep forested or brush-covered terrain, talus slopes, boulder fields, and occasional snow and/or ice obstacles.3.1.6 qualified supervisor, nan individual with demonstrated knowledge or competence in a task, to whom the AHJ hasgranted the authority to observe and

22、oversee an individual performing that task.3.1.3 technical ice axe, nas defined by the Union Internationale DesAssociations DAlpinisme (UIAA), a Type T ice tool (theUIAATechnical type) with higher strength for use in all circumstances, but especially for ice climbing, dry tooling, etc., and whichmee

23、ts the requirements of UIAA 152 or CE EN 13089:2011.3.1.4 traditional, or trad, climbing, na style of rock climbing in which the person ascending places all gear required to protectagainst falls (chocks, cams, pitons, etc.), and removes it when a route is complete.3.2 For definitions of other terms

24、used in this guide, see Terminology F1773, Terminology F3222, Guide F2209, and GuideF2752.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of SAR personnel who conduct operations in an alpine environment.4.1.1 Alpine Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a mi

25、nimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safemovement individually, or as a member of a team, in an alpine environment.4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Alpine Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.4.1.3 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the pre

26、fixes “Alpine Endorsed” and “Mountain Endorsed” to theircurrent training levels.4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in an alpineenvironment as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.4.3 An Alpine Endo

27、rsement indicates that a person is qualified to operate safely and effectively in the alpine environment inhis or her normal area of operations.4.3.1 An Alpine Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to makemission-critical decisions.4.4 T

28、his guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an Alpine Endorsed individual, and may be usedto assist in the development of a training document or program.4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for train

29、ingindividuals to operate in the alpine environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to seeif it meets the requirements in this guide.4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not repr

30、esenta training sequence.4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with otherASTM Standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilitiesneeded to conduct search and/or rescue in the alpine environment.4.8 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards, it does not imply that an

31、Alpine Endorsed individual is a “trainee,”“probationary,” or other similarly termed member of an organization.4.8.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its team member ratings.4.8.2 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements

32、for its own members.F3028 1824.9 An Alpine-endorsed individual shall document his or her training by completion of a position task book, compliant withGuide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision.4.10 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall document training by completion of a positi

33、on task book or field demonstration underqualified supervision. Where proficiency in a skill or ability must be demonstrated, unless stated otherwise, it shall be demonstratedfor initial qualification and as often as required by the AHJ.5. General Knowledge5.1 The AHJ shall verify that an Alpine End

34、orsed person possesses both attitude and aptitude for working in an alpineenvironment:5.1.1 The individual must demonstrate the ability to function effectively in highly exposed locations at high altitude and inextreme conditions;5.1.2 The individual must be able to move safely and effectively anywh

35、ere in the terrain and conditions normal to thatenvironment.5.2 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate knowledge of the following:5.2.1 The differences between wilderness travel, mountain travel, and alpine travel.5.2.2 Human functional and survival needs in cold, windy, and wet environments,

36、 including:5.2.2.1 Clothing (suitable for all four seasons);5.2.2.2 Shelter, both emergency and extended stay;5.2.2.3 Nutrition;5.2.2.4 Hydration;5.2.2.5 Hygiene;5.2.2.6 Sanitation;5.2.2.7 Individual and team safety issues specific to operating in an alpine environment.5.2.3 Medical conditions such

37、as:5.2.3.1 Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS);5.2.3.2 High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE);5.2.3.3 High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE);5.2.3.4 Hypothermia;5.2.3.5 Snow blindness;5.2.3.6 Frostbite.5.2.4 Risks and hazards specific to the alpine environment, and methods for avoiding or mitigating them. Such

38、 risks and hazardsinclude:5.2.4.1 Personal fall;5.2.4.2 Rock fall;5.2.4.3 Ice and/or snow fall;5.2.4.4 Severe and rapidly changing weather;5.2.4.5 Avalanches;5.2.4.6 Rapidly rising water and flash floods.5.3 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall have, at a minimum,American Institute forAvalanche Researc

39、h and Education (AIARE)Level 1, National Ski Patrol (NSP) Level 1, American Avalanche Association Level 1, or equivalent avalanche safety and rescuetraining.6. Skills and Abilities Specific to the Alpine Environment6.1 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall possess and carry sufficient Personal Protectiv

40、e Equipment (PPE) and gear to functioneffectively in an alpine environment while maintaining personal safety. This PPE and gear shall include, at a minimum, thefollowing:6.1.1 Head protection (helmet);6.1.2 Hand protection (gloves);6.1.3 Eye protection (glasses/goggles/shield);6.1.4 Sufficient cloth

41、ing, appropriate to the alpine environment and terrain;6.1.5 Seat harness;6.1.6 Slings/lanyards (for personal use);6.1.7 Ascending equipment;6.1.8 Connectors/carabiners;6.1.9 Descending equipment;6.1.10 Head lamp;6.1.11 Alpine ice axe, appropriate for terrain in the normal area of operations;6.1.12

42、Technical ice axe, appropriate for terrain in the normal area of operations;F3028 1836.1.13 Ice screws, appropriate for terrain in the normal area of operations;6.1.14 Snow anchors, appropriate for terrain in the normal area of operations;6.1.15 Crampons, appropriate for terrain in the normal area o

43、f operations;6.1.16 Avalanche transceiver, probe, and shovel, appropriate for terrain in the normal area of operations.6.2 Each piece of PPE or gear listed in 6.1 shall be certified under a national, or international, life safety standard, if one exists,from an organization such as UIAA, CEN, ASTM,

44、CI, or NFPA.6.3 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall be equipped to survive in the field for up to 48 hours.6.4 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate the ability to survive and function effectively as part of a self-sustained team,in an alpine environment, for a minimum of 48 hours, under field

45、 supervision.6.5 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate proficiency in the following:6.5.1 Performance of an overnight bivouac in the alpine environment in winter in the normal area of operations;6.5.2 Winter survival skills, including the ability to construct an improvised shelter;6.5.3 Unde

46、rstanding of lightning detection, avoidance and risk reduction techniques;6.5.4 Safely traversing water hazards;6.5.5 Basic swiftwater survival techniques;6.5.6 Basic mountain weather prediction;6.5.7 Traveling in an alpine environment at night;6.5.8 Traveling in an alpine environment during adverse

47、 weather conditions;6.5.9 Planning for, and selecting, travel routes to avoid, or minimize, avalanche risk;6.5.10 Self-rescue techniques.6.6 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate an understanding of the concepts of mission-specific packing for individualoperations, and for effective team ope

48、rations and travel, in an alpine environment. Examples of this concept include reducing packloads, sharing gear, and sharing loads among team members.6.7 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate annually the ability to safely and efficiently travel over ice and snow (toinclude steep snow and ic

49、e travel) in the normal area of operations, using safe solo and team travel techniques, (per requirementsof the AHJ), including:6.7.1 Use of skis and/or snowshoes, as appropriate for the terrain in the normal area of operations;6.7.2 Operation of snow machines per AHJ requirements;6.7.3 Use of crampons and ice axes per AHJ requirements;6.7.4 Use of ice and snow anchors per AHJ requirements.6.8 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate an understanding of helicopter operations in an alpine environment,including:6.8.1 Safety around helicopters on sloping ground;6.8.