ASTM F1687-2016 Standard Guide for Terminology and Indices to Describe Oiling Conditions on Shorelines《描述海岸线注油条件的术语和目录的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: F1687 09F1687 16Standard Guide forTerminology and Indices to Describe Oiling Conditions onShorelines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o

2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the standardized terminology and types of observational data and indices appropriate to describe t

3、hequantity, nature, and distribution of oil and physical oiling conditions on shorelines that have been contaminated by an oil spill.1.2 This guide does not address the mechanisms and field procedures by which the necessary data are gathered; nor does itaddress terminology used to describe the cultu

4、ral resource or ecological character of oiled shorelines, spill monitoring, or cleanuptechniques.1.3 This guide applies to marine shorelines (including estuaries) and may also be used in freshwater environments (rivers andlakes).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No ot

5、her units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability

6、of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1686 Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess Oiling ConditionsF2202 Guide for Describing Shoreline and Inland Response Techniques3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 asphalt pavementa naturally formed cohesive mixture

7、of weathered oil and sediments. Sediments in the mixture areusually in the sand/granule/pebble size range. In appearance, natural asphalt pavement may resemble the mixture artificiallycreated to surface roads.3.1.2 shore habitat types and zonesthe land-water interface is typically subdivided into ac

8、ross-shore zones as follows:zones.Dry landTidal EnvironmentsLower Intertidal Zonethe lower approximate one-third of the intertidal zoneMid Intertidal Zonethe middle approximate one-third of the intertidal zoneUpper Intertidal Zonethe upper approximate one-third of the intertidal zoneSupra-Tidal Zone

9、the area above the mean high tide that occasionallyexperiences wave activity; also known as the splash zoneNon-Tidal and Lake EnvironmentsLower Swash Zonethe area between the mean annual water level and thelowest annual water level, the lower approximate one-half of the zone ofwave activity1 This gu

10、ide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.17on Shoreline Countermeasures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009Jan. 1, 2016. Published October 2009February 2016. Originally approved in 1996. L

11、ast previous edition approved in 20032009 asF1687 97F1687 09.(2003). DOI: 10.1520/F1687-09.10.1520/F1687-162 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standa

12、rds Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately

13、, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Up

14、per Swash Zonethe area between the highest annual water level and themean annual water level; the upper approximate one-half of the zone ofwave activitySupra-Swash Zonethe area above the highest annual water level thatoccasionally experiences wave activity, for example, during a surge ora storm even

15、tRiver EnvironmentsLower Bankexposed only during low flow conditionsMidstreamareas exposed in a channel that are separated from the river bankUpper Bankunder water only during bank-full river stageOverbankflood plain-inundated only by over-bank flow duringflood conditionsterrain is typically disting

16、uished by climate, altitude, and species. From Guide F2204;3.1.2.1 DiscussionMarine and estuarine shorelines, river banks, and lake shores will be collectively referred to as shorelines, shores, or shore-zones.3.1.2.2 DiscussionShore types include a range of impermeable (bedrock, ice, and manmade st

17、ructures), permeable (flats, beaches, and manmade), andcoastal wetland (marshes, mangroves,) habitats.3.1.2.3 DiscussionOther non-shoreline, inland habitats include wetlands (pond, fen, bog, swamp, tundra, and shrub) and drier terrains (grassland,desert, forests), and will be collectively referred t

18、o as either wetlands or terrains, respectivelyTidal EnvironmentsLower Intertidal Zonethe lower approximate one-third of the intertidal zoneMid Intertidal Zonethe middle approximate one-third of the intertidal zoneUpper Intertidal Zonethe upper approximate one-third of the intertidal zoneSupra-Tidal

19、Zonethe area above the mean high tide that occasionallyexperiences wave activity; also known as the splash zoneNon-Tidal Waters and Lake EnvironmentsLower Swash Zonethe area between the mean annual water level and thelowest annual water level, the lower approximate one-half of the zone ofwave activi

20、tyUpper Swash Zonethe area between the highest annual water level and themean annual water level; the upper approximate one-half of the zone ofwave activitySupra-Swash Zonethe area above the highest annual water level thatoccasionally experiences wave activity, for example, during a surge ora storm

21、eventRiver EnvironmentsLower Bankexposed only during low flow conditionsMidstreamareas exposed in a channel that are separated from the river bankUpper Bankunder water only during bank-full river stageOverbankflood plain-inundated only by over-bank flow duringflood conditionsDry Land TerrainsDeserta

22、rid lands with little precipitation, of which there are four broad types: hot and arid, semi-arid, coastal, and coldForesttreed lands of which there are three broad types: tropical, temperate, and boreal/taigaGrasslandgrass-dominated lands of which there are two broad types: tropical and temperateTu

23、ndracold, treeless areas of far northern latitudes or alpine altitudes, of which there are two broad types: arctic andalpine.3.1.3 weathered oilthe oil that has had an alteration of physical or chemical properties, or both, through natural processes suchas evaporation, dissolution, oxidation, emulsi

24、fication, and biodegradation.F1687 1624. Significance and Use4.1 In order to ensure data consistency, it is important to use standardized terminology and definitions in describing oilingconditions.conditions (1)3. This guide provides a template for that purpose.4.2 Data on oiling conditions at a sho

25、reline are needed to provide an accurate perspective of the nature and scale of the oilingproblem and to facilitate spill-response planning and decision making. Data on oiling conditions would be used in assessing theneed for cleanup actions, selecting the most appropriate response technique(s), det

26、ermining priorities for cleanup, and evaluatingthe endpoint of cleanup activities.4,5(2-3)4.3 Mechanisms by which data are collected maycan vary (see Guide F1686). They maycan include aerial video surveys orground-level assessment surveys. The composition and responsibility of the survey team will d

27、epend on the response organizationand objectives. The magnitude and type of data sets collected maycan likewise vary with the nature of the spill and operationalneeds.4.4 Consistent data sets (observations and measurements) on shoreline oiling conditions are essential within any one spill inorder to

28、 compare the data between different sites or observers, and to compare the data against existing benchmarks or criteria thathave been developed to rate the nature or severity of the oiling. To the extent possible, consistency is also desirable betweendifferent spills, in order to benefit from previo

29、us experiences and cleanup decisions.4.5 It is recognized that some modifications may be appropriate based on local or regional geographic conditions or upon thespecific character of the stranded oil.5. General Considerations5.1 ShorelineTerrain conditions can be described in terms of the length, wi

30、dth, depth, distribution, quantity, and character of oilcontamination. These stranded oil. Recognizing that a terrain segment can have distinct oiled zones, oiling conditions aredocumented on a zone-by-zone basis. The six different types of oiling data are collected by direct measurement or direct v

31、isualestimates calibrated against existing scales or indices. Standard definitions and descriptors of these data have been developed(Sections 6 and 7). Second-order applications of the basic data are further used to aid response planning (Sections 8 and 9).5.2 Descriptions of shoreline oiling condit

32、ions are typically referenced to the lateral (seaward to landward) shoreline zonation.The location of the stranded oil within the intertidal zone affects operational access time and oil persistence.5.2.1 Tidal zonation is described in terms of the supra-tidal, upper/mid/lower intertidal, and sub-tid

33、al zones.5.2.2 Non-tidal shoreline zonation is described in terms of the supra/upper/lower swash zone for lacustrine (lake) environmentsand the over/upper/lower bank or midstream for riverine (river) environments.5.2.3 Dry land terrain zonation can be described in terms of discrete areas of similar

34、slope, substrate, and vegetation. Zonationcan also be described in terms of polygons that relate to areal changes in habitat type or oiling conditions, or both.5.3 Oil persistence and the choice of cleanup options will be different for subsurface oil as opposed to surface oil. Descriptionsof shoreli

35、ne oiling conditions should distinguish between the oiling of surface sediments from that on the subsurface sediments(vertical zonation). On coarse sediment beaches, it can be difficult to differentiate the vertical boundaries. Fig. 1 illustrates anapproach for discriminating those boundaries.5.4 Fo

36、r beachesareas with fine sediments (that is, pebble, granule, sand, and mud), the subsurface layers begins at 5 cm belowthe surface. If a pit were to reveal oiling in sand from the surface down to 20 cm, the upper 5 cm would be classified as surfaceoil and the remainder as subsurface. subsurface (Fi

37、g. 1). However, the oiled interval would still be shown as 0 to 20 cm.5.5 For beachesareas with coarse sediments (that is, cobble and boulder), the subsurface begins layers begin at the bottom ofthe surface material (that is, where the top layer of cobbles or boulders contact the underlying layer of

38、 sediments).5.6 Where asphalt pavement exists on the surface, the subsurface begins at the bottom of the pavement.5.7 Definitions of the inorganic sediments based on size (diameter) are as follows:Boulder (256-mm diameter)Cobble (64 to 256-mm diameter)Pebble (4 to 64-mm diameter)Granule (2 to 4-mm d

39、iameter)Sand (0.06 to 2-mm diameter)Mud/silt/clay (256-mmCobble 64 to 256-mmPebble4 to 64-mmGranule 2 to 4-mmSand 0.06 to 2-mmMud/silt/clay 6 mMedium 3 to #6 mNarrow 0.5 to #3 mVery narrow #0.5 mSmall tidal range( 2m)Wide 2 m 6 mMedium 12 m 3 to 6 mNarrow 0.31 m 0.5 to 3 mVery narrow 1-cm thick.6.4.

40、1.2 Cover (CV), 0.1 cm and 1-cm thick.6.4.1.3 Coat (CT), 0.01 cm and 0.1-cmto 0.1-cm thick coating. This can be scratched off on coarse sediments or bedrock.6.4.1.4 Stain (ST), 0.01-cm less than or equal to 0.01-cm thick.An oil residue discoloration on the sediment surface. It cannotbe scratched off

41、 easily on coarse sediments or bedrock.6.4.1.5 Film (FL), transparent or translucent thin layer or sheen.6.4.2 The oil concentration can be for tar balls/patties can be expressed as number per length of affected area.Alternatively (notusually done in SCAT), oil concentration can be determined by che

42、mical analytical methods and is expressed as the weight of oilto weight of surface sediment.6.5 Oil CharacterThis refers to the properties or form of the oil residue on the shoreline.affected terrain.6.5.1 Qualitative descriptors of oil character maycan be developed to suit the circumstances of the

43、spill. Typical descriptors areas follows:F1687 1656.5.1.1 Freshlike (FR), having a black, shiny, fluid, non-oxidized appearance.6.5.1.2 Tarry (TC), having a tacky, tar-like, often weathered, semi-solid consistency.6.5.1.3 Surface Oil Residue (SR), consisting of non-cohesive oiled, surface sediments,

44、 either as continuous patches or incoarse-sediment interstices.6.5.1.4 Mousse (MS), emulsified oil (oil and water mixture) existing as patches or accumulations, or within interstitialspaces.spaces6.5.1.5 Tar Balls or Mousse Patties (TB), discrete balls or patties on a beach or adhered to rock or coa

45、rse-sediment shoreline.Tar ball diameters are generally 6 cmMedium,3 to 6 mNarrow,0.5 to 3 mVery Narrow,6 cm 3 to 6 m 0.5 to 3 m 1 cm heavy heavy moderate lightCover, 0.1 to 1.0 cm heavy heavy moderate lightCoat, 0.01 to 0.1 cm moderate moderate light very lightStain/film, 1 cm heavy heavy moderate

46、very lightCover, 0.1 to 1.0 cm heavy heavy moderate very lightCoat, 0.01 to 0.1 cm moderate moderate light very lightStain/film, 0.01 cm light light very light .TABLE 3 Surface Oil Matrix for Shorelines and River BanksTABLE 4 Initial Surface Oil Categorization Matrix for Shorelinesand River BanksTAB

47、LE 5 Surface Oil Matrix for Dry Land TerrainTABLE 6 Initial Surface Oil Categorization Matrix for Dry LandTerrainTABLE 7 Surface Oil Matrix for Areas of Standing Water orStreamsF1687 168REFERENCES(1) Owens, E. H. and Sergy, G. A., The SCAT Manual: A Field Guide to the Documentation and Description o

48、f Oiled Shorelines, Second Edition,Environment Canada, Edmonton, AB, 2000.(2) Owens, E. H. and Sergy, G.A.,AShoreline Response Decision-Making Process, Proceedings, International Oil Spill Conference,American PetroleumInstitute, Washington, DC, 2008, pp. 443449.(3) Sergy, G. A., and Owens, E. H., Se

49、lection and Use of Shoreline Treatment Endpoints for Oil Spill Response, Proceedings, International Oil SpillConference, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 2008, pp. 847854.(4) Owens, E.H. and Sergy, G.A., 2004. The Arctic SCAT Manual A Field Guide to the Documentation of Oiled Shorelines in Arctic Regions.Environment Canada, Edmonton AB, 172 pgs.(5) ksenvg, J.H.C., Brrs, B. and Owens E.H 2009. Ice Formation on Shorelines Observation Study and Modeling. Proceedings 32nd Arctic andMarine Oilspill Programme (AMOP) Techn