ASTM F335 - 03(2009) Standard Terminology Relating to Electrostatic Copying (Withdrawn 2017).pdf

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1、Designation: F335 03 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Terminology Relating toElectrostatic Imaging1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F335; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb

2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This set of definitions is intended for use by all partieswho use, sell, manufacture, test, or develop printer or copiermachines so that th

3、ey will have a common basis for commu-nications.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F149 Terminology Relating to Optical Character Recogni-tionF221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made TherefromF1156 Terminology Relating to Product Counterfeit Protec-t

4、ion Systems (Withdrawn 2001)3F1531 Test Method for Comparing Printer or Copier Car-tridges (Withdrawn 2002)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aerosol developmentdevelopment in which the toner iscarried to the field of the electrostatic image by means of asuspending gas.all-in-one cartridge(also known as

5、 cartridge), a process unitthat incorporates all the components, including aphotoreceptor, toner compartment and charging devices,used in certain electrostatic imaging devices.apparent surface resistivitythe surface resistance betweentwo electrodes forming opposite sides of a square on thesurface of

6、 the copy substrate or the electrical equivalent.archival qualitythe properties of a copy or print necessaryto retain specified information under specified conditions ofstorage, time and use.background potentialapplies only to charged area develop-ment process, see charged area development. See resi

7、dualpotential.background potentialsee residual potential.base stocksee conductive base stock.base weightthe weight of a specified area of paper stockexpressed in grams per square metre or in pounds per ream,where the size and number of sheets per ream may vary foreach particular grade of paper. Comm

8、on ream sizes used inelectrostatic papers are:25 by 38 in. by 500 sheets (3300 ft2)24 by 36 in. by 500 sheets (3000 ft2)17 by 22 in. by 500 sheets (1300 ft2)binderthe resinous adhesive component of a pigmentedcoating composition.black densitysee image density.blastinghaze around a letter, word or im

9、age in the form offine spotting or speckling.blockingthe tendency for coated sheets to stick togetherunder pressure.bridgingcombination of peaks and smudges that may closeor partially close the loop of a character (TerminologyF149).caliperthe thickness of a sheet expressed in millimetres or inthousa

10、ndths of an inch.carrierthat substance in a developer that conveys a toner,but does not itself become a part of the image in the finishedprint. In a liquid developer the carrier may be called adispersant.cascade developmentdevelopment in which dry toner andcarrier are drawn over an electrostatic ima

11、ge by gravity.catcher blade(also known as a recovery blade or slip sheet),a strip of semi-rigid plastic material that guides the wastetoner removed from the photoreceptor into the waste bin.charge acceptancethe apparent surface voltage present onan electrostatic recording medium immediately after ch

12、arg-ing.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 onBusiness Imaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.01on Nomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous editio

13、n approved in 2003 as F335 03. DOI:10.1520/F0335-03R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The l

14、ast approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM Inte

15、rnational (www.astm.org) for the latest information1charged area development(CAD), a process in electro-static copying where the photoconductive element is chargedwith a charge of the opposite sign as that of the toner. A lightsource is used to discharge all areas on the photoconductorthat are NOT t

16、o receive toner to form the image. The toneris attracted to the non-discharged areas of the photoconduc-tor when the latent electrostatic image is developed.chargingthe process of establishing an electrostatic surfacecharge of uniform density on an insulating medium.cleaned componentthe result of su

17、bstantially removingtoner, dust and other undesirable materials, either by me-chanical an/or chemical means.cleaner blade(also known as wiper blade), a blade whichcleans the surface of the photoreceptor to mechanicallyremove toner and debris.cloud developmentsee aerosol development.coated paperpaper

18、 which has one or both surfaces coveredwith a substance to produce certain desired properties for usein specific electrophotographic processes.coated paper copyinga form of direct electrophotographiccopying.coating weightthe wet or dry weight of coating materialapplied to a paper or other substrate

19、expressed as grams persquare metre or pounds per specified patible cartridgeany all-in-one cartridge that can beused in a particular printer or copier, whether new, recycledor remanufactured.conductive base stockpaper stock intended as a substratefor electrostatic coating with surface or volume cond

20、uctivityover a range of relative humidities controlled by specialtreatment.copyingthe act of producing an image on a document orother receptor media which is a duplication of the image ofanother document, such as by a photographic, xerographic,or facsimile process or by carbon or carbonless papers.c

21、oronagaseous ions, either positively or negatively charged.Usually produced at atmospheric pressure using a highvoltage source and either one or more pointed conductors ora thin long conductor (that is, corona wire).corona chargingdepositing of an electrical charge on asurface by means of corona.cor

22、ona wirea long, thin wire suspended in air and electri-cally isolated that when connected to a high voltage sourcewill produce corona.dark adaptationconditioning of photoelectrostatic copyingpapers in the absence of light to permit the recovery ofphotoconductive properties.dark decayloss of apparent

23、 surface voltage in the absence oflight.dark decay ratethe rate of loss of apparent surface voltageper unit time in the absence of light.densitysee image density.depletiondecrease of toner concentration in a developercomposition characterized by low-image density.developerthe material or combination

24、 of materials thatrenders visible a latent electrostatic image when brought intointimate contact with it. Electrostatic developers can beeither liquid or dry and can consist of a toner and a carrier.developer roller(also magnetic roller or mag roller), acylinder built into the copier toner cartridge

25、 or printer tonercartridge intended to present correctly charged toner fromthe toner reservoir to the charged areas of the photoreceptor.developmentthe process of converting a latent electrostaticimage into a visible image.direct developmentsee positive development.direct electrophotographic copying

26、 processan electropho-tographic copying process in which the photoconductor is anintegral part of the final copy.discharged area development (DAD)a process in electro-static copying where the photoconductive element is chargedwith a charge of the same sign as that of the toner. A lightsource is used

27、 to discharge only those areas that are toreceive toner to form the image. In the development process,the charged background areas repel the like charged toner tothe discharged areas on the photoconductor.dispersantthe material, usually an organic solvent, in aliquid developer system that conveys to

28、ner particles, butdoes not itself become a part of the image in a finished print.(See also carrier.)doctor blade(also known as a charging blade), a componentthat imparts an electrical charge to toner by means of thetriboelectric effect and/or controls the amount of tonerdelivered to the developer ro

29、ller.dopingthe addition of foreign species into a photoconduc-tive material to modify its semiconductor properties such aslight sensitivity, response times, and dark conductivity.dragginga fringe effect attached to the trailing edge of thedeveloped electrostatic image. (See also tailing.)dry carrier

30、 tonerdry powdered toner mixed with bead orgranular particles as a carrier to form a developer.dry timethe time that a copy must reside in the copy traybefore it appears to be dry.duplex copya sheet with copied images on both sides.duplexingin a copy system, the process by which images areplaced on

31、both sides of the copy sheet.dustingthe developer/toner particles deposited in and aroundthe machine on other than the electrostatic copy.dye sensitizingthe incorporation of dye-stuffs into a photo-conductive coating to alter its spectral response.edge effectan image defect characterized by a low de

32、nsity orpoor fill-in of solid areas coupled with a higher densityoutline.F335 03 (2009)2electro-negative developera developer containing nega-tively charged toner particle.electrophotographic copying processa process in which acopy of an original document results from the combinedaction of light and

33、 externally applied electric forces.electrophotographic materialphotoconductor suitable forapplication in photographic processes.electro-positive developera developer containing positivelycharged toner particle.electrostatic copying processa process in which a copy ofan original document results fro

34、m charged particle develop-ment of an electrostatically formed image.electrostaticsthe science of forces and fields of electriccharges in a state of rest.end of lifethe practical or theoretical limit of page produc-tion for an all-in-one cartridge used in a page yield test.exposure lattituderange of

35、 light or time settings over whichan acceptable copy can be produced.fatigueany degradation in electrophotographic properties ofa photoconductive material caused by repetitive charging,light exposure, or other operation in the imaging process.featheringan undesirable thread-like deposit extending ra

36、-dially from the edge of an image (Terminology F221).field adaptionthe forced recovery of excited electrons (as indark adaption) by means of an externally applied electricalfield such as a charging corona.fixingthe process of rendering a developed image perma-nent.flareextraneous light in the dark a

37、rea.flare decayimage contrast loss due to flare.fogsee background.fringe effecttoner deposition in non-printed areas adjacent tothe printed areas, such as heading and tailing.fur brush developmentdevelopment of electrostatic imagesby transporting the toner to the image area through the use offur-lik

38、e fibers.fusingsee heat fixing.ghostingan undesired repeat image. Positive ghost image isan undesired image created in a non-printed area Negativeghost is an undesired reverse repeat image created in aprinted area that is seen by the difference in contrast.halo effecta condition characterized by an

39、unusually cleanbackground region at the boundary of the image areas.headinga fringe effect appearing on the leading edge (rela-tive to copy machine feed direction) of the developedelectrostatic image.heat fixingthe process of making a developed image perma-nent by heating.hold downsee lockdown.image

40、the optical counterpart of an object produced by a lensor mirror system or the graphic representation of an object.image densitythe optical density of the developed image asdetected by the eye, or measured by a reflection densitom-eter.indirect electrophotographic copying processan electro-photograp

41、hic copying process in which the photoconductoris not an integral part of the final copy.initial potentialsee charge acceptance.lidabbreviation for liquid development.light decayreduction of apparent surface voltage caused byexposure to light.light decay ratethe reduction of apparent surface voltage

42、 atspecific exposure conditions.liquid developmentdevelopment by means of a toner dis-persed in an organic liquid carrier.lockdownadhesion of original or electrostatic copy to bear-ing surface as due to static charges.magnetic brush developmentdevelopment in which thetoner is carried by means of a b

43、rush-like array of magneticparticles held erect under the influence of a magnetic field.masteran intermediate, temporary, and usually expendableimage vehicle for use on duplicators.mistingsee dusting.mottlea gross random nonuniformity in the visual density ofa printed area.negativean image in which

44、the dark tones of the originalappear light and the light tones appear dark.negative developersee reversal developer.negative developmentsee reversal development.negative imagea developed image in which dark areascorrespond to light area of the original subject.offsetsee set-off.optical densitya meas

45、ure of image (density) by reflectancedensitometer.optimum exposurethe time-light intensity relationship thatproduces the most satisfactory print.originalthe object to be copied.overcoatingthe act of making a developed electrostaticimage permanent by spraying or laminating a protective filmor similar

46、 layer over the surface.page coveragea term used to describe the percentage ofprinted area to non-printed area on a page within a specifiedarea of the page.photoconductora material that exhibits increased electricalconductivity when exposed to light.F335 03 (2009)3plain paper copyinga form of indire

47、ct electrophotographiccopying in which the electrostatic image of the original isfirst formed on a photoconductor element, then developedwith a toner, and finally transferred onto a plain sheet ofpaper where it is fixed (see also Terminology F1156).platean image vehicle, usually permanent and reusab

48、le foruse on printing presses.positive development, direct developmentcharged areadevelopment by means of toner particles having appropriatecharge polarity so that dark areas of the print correspond todark areas of the original.positive imagea developed image in which dark areascorrespond to dark ar

49、eas of the original subject.pre-exposureexposure of a photoconductive medium to alight source prior to imaging.pressure fixingthe process of making the image permanentby means of pressure.printingthe act of producing an image on a document orother receptor media from a machine or printer designed forthat purpose, such as a printing press, thermal printer, or acomputer printer, such as a laser or ink jet.recycled cartridgea used cartridge that contains