ASTM E514-2006 Standard Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry《砖石建筑的水渗入和渗漏的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 514 06Standard Test Method forWater Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb

2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test method2provides a procedure fordete

3、rmining the resistance to water penetration and leakagethrough unit masonry subjected to wind-driven rain.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety an

4、d health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specifichazard statement see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 1232 Terminology of Masonry2.2 American Concrete Institute Standard:4ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 Building Code Requirements

5、for Masonry StructuresACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602 Specifications for MasonryStructures3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer toTerminology C 1232.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides information that aids inevaluating the effect of four principal vari

6、ables: materials,coatings, wall design, and workmanship.4.2 Water penetration and leakage through masonry issignificantly affected by air pressure in the test chamber. Datafrom tests made at different pressures are not comparable.4.3 The performance of a masonry wall is a function ofmaterials, const

7、ruction, wall design, and maintenance. Inservice the performance will also depend on the rigidity ofsupporting structure and on the resistance of components todeterioration by various causes, such as corrosion, vibration,thermal expansion and contraction, curing, and others. It isimpossible to simul

8、ate the complex conditions encountered inservice, such as variations in wind velocity, negative pressure,and lateral or upward moving air and water. Factors such aslocation, exposure, and wall openings should be considered.4.4 Given the complexity of variables noted above, this testmethod establishe

9、s comparative behavior between variousmasonry wall constructions in a given laboratory.4.5 Even when a single laboratory tests the same walldesign utilizing the same wall materials and the same construc-tion practices, variables such as the level of skill of the masonbuilding the specimen, the tempe

10、rature and humidity in thelaboratory at the time of construction, curing of the specimen,the moisture contents of the materials used to build thespecimen, and even the use or lack of use of a lime and waterwash on the back of the specimen can affect the results of thetest making reliable comparisons

11、 dubious. For these reasonsand the multi-variables listed in 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, a meaningful,useful, absolute wall leakage rating standard is impractical anddiscouraged.5. Apparatus5.1 Test ChamberUse a test chamber similar to thatshown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Provide an opening with aminimum area of

12、1.08 m2(12 ft2). For example, 900 mm (36in.) wide and 1200 mm (48 in.) high is suitable. Line the edgesof the chamber in contact with the specimen with a closed-cellcompressible gasket material or appropriate sealant. Provide anobservation port in the face of the chamber. Provide a 19.0-mm(34-in.) d

13、iameter corrosion-resistant spray pipe with a singleline of 1.0-mm (0.04-in.) diameter holes spaced 25.0 mm (1in.) apart.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.04 on Research.Current edition a

14、pproved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 514 05c.2This test method is based upon those used by the National Bureau of Standardsand described in NBS Report BMS7, “Water Permeability of Masonry Walls,” 1933,and NBS Report BMS

15、82, “Water Permeability of Walls Built of Masonry Units,”1942.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website

16、.4Published by The Masonry Society, www.masonrysociety.org; American Con-crete Institute, www.aci-int.org; and American Society of Civil Engineers,www.asce.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co

17、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 Fixtures and Appurtenances to ChamberFixtures andappurtenances to the chamber shall include an air line withmanometer, a water line with valves, a flow meter andmanometer and a water drain pipe at the bottom of theFIG. 1 Isometric Projection of Testing Ch

18、amberFIG. 2 General Arrangement of Water Penetration Testing Chamber SystemE514062chamber. Position the water spray pipe so that the waterimpinges the specimen not more than 75.0 mm (3.00 in.) belowthe top of the test chamber.NOTE 1A drain pipe that discharges into a reservoir equipped with anadjust

19、able depth air outlet pipe and top baffles has been found to reducesurge.5.3 ManometerMeasure the air pressure in the chamberusing a manometer or other device capable of measuring airpressures of at least 51 mm (2.0 in.) of water (71.7 kPa) (10.4psf) to an accuracy of 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) or 3.6 kPa (0.

20、52 psf).Connect the manometer or other device to the chamber awayfrom the air inlet so that the air flow will not significantlyinfluence the pressure reading.5.4 Other equipment includes devices for handling thespecimen and measuring time, water quantities, temperature,and humidity.6. Hazards6.1 The

21、 use of this test method will require careful designconsideration of both air chamber and support of the wallsystem to avoid possible injury due to equipment or specimenfailure.7. Temperature and Humidity Conditions7.1 Maintain the air in the laboratory at a temperature of 246 8C (75 6 15F) and a re

22、lative humidity of 55 % 6 25 %.8. Test Specimens8.1 Masonry MaterialsMasonry and associated materialsshall be representative of the construction or the materials thatare being considered. Precondition all materials by storing inlaboratory environment for not less than 5 days before use.8.2 Size of T

23、est WallsThe height and length of thespecimen shall provide a minimum of 1.08 m2(12 ft2) exposedto the test, plus at least a 200-mm (8-in.) overlap on all edges.The minimum height or length of the specimen shall be 1.22 m(4 ft). The length of the specimen shall be such that at least onehead joint in

24、 each course of masonry is exposed to the test.8.3 Building Wall SpecimensConstruct the specimen us-ing methods and workmanship being considered for the work(Note 2). Build the wall specimen on an inverted steel channelsection as shown in Fig. 2 (Note 3). Also, as shown in Fig. 2,build a lower flash

25、ing and upper water trough as described in8.3.1 and 8.3.2.NOTE 2Standards for masonry construction are contained in thefollowing documents: ACI Standard 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 BuildingCode Requirements for Masonry Structures and ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS602 Specifications for Masonry Structures.NOTE 3The top

26、 of the wall may require bracing to be stable.8.3.1 Install a lower flashing into a mortar joint that is atleast one course below the upper water trough. Pass the lowerflashing completely through the wall, upturn it on the chamberside, and seal with a bead of caulk. Project this lower flashingout fr

27、om the backside of the wall with a u or v profile designedto funnel water that passes through the bottom of the wall intoa collection device.8.3.2 Install an upper water trough in the bed joint imme-diately below the bottom of the test chamber. Project the upperwater trough no more than 25 mm (1.0 i

28、n.), or no more than thethickness of a face shell, into a mortar joint on the backside ofthe wall. Project this upper water trough out from the backsideof the wall with a u or v profile designed to funnel water thatpenetrates through the wall above the trough into a separatecollection device.8.4 Num

29、ber of SpecimensTest at least 3 specimens.8.5 Storage of SpecimensRetain specimens in the labora-tory during storage enclosed in an impervious plastic wrapimmediately after construction and cured in this manner for 7days. After 7 days, remove the wrap and continue curing for atleast 7 more days in l

30、aboratory air.9. Procedure9.1 Apply a 10-mm (38-in.) minimum thick coat of mortarparging to all exposed surfaces of the specimen except the backside of the wall and the area enclosed by the test chamber.9.1.1 For walls constructed with solid units and for wallsconstructed with hollow units which are

31、 filled solid with groutor other materials, apply a minimum 10 mm (38 in.) thick coatof mortar parging to the top surface of the specimen. For wallswith open cells or cavities, seal an impervious material such asa transparent plastic sheet capable of withstanding the testpressure to the top of the w

32、all to prevent evaporation or airmovement through the top of the wall. If the top covering isremoved to permit viewing or photographing inside these voidspaces, do not remove for longer than 10 min per hour oftesting.NOTE 4A lime and water wash may be brush applied to back face ofthe wall to make mo

33、isture detection easier on dark surfaces. A portlandcement and water wash should not be used.9.2 Mounting ChamberPosition the test chamber on thespecimen and clamp firmly in place, compressing the gasket orapplying a sealant to form a seal.NOTE 5Too much clamping force could crack the specimen.9.3 A

34、djust the rate of water application to 138 L/m2(3.4gal/ft2) of wall per hour.9.4 Simultaneously with the application of water, increasethe air pressure within the chamber. If the pressure is notspecified, apply a pressure of 500 Pa (10 lbf/ft2). Supplyslightly more air than is needed to maintain pre

35、ssure andadjust, if necessary, to prevent excessive surge in the waterreservoir.9.5 Maintain the specified conditions for a period of not lessthan 4 h.NOTE 6 Care should be taken in specifying the test duration. The testshould be long enough to permit evaluation of the materials, coatings,design, an

36、d workmanship.10. Record of Observation10.1 During the4hoftesting, make observations at 30-minintervals. If testing is extended beyond 4 h, establish observa-tion intervals beyond4hasrequired to document specimenperformance. Record the following:10.1.1 Time of appearance of dampness on back of speci

37、-men.10.1.2 Time of appearance of first visible water on the backof the specimen.E51406310.1.3 Area of dampness on back of wall expressed as apercent of the chamber area.10.1.4 Total water collected from the upper water trough.10.1.5 Total water collected from the lower flashing.11. Retesting11.1 If

38、 required, return the specimens to storage and retest atage 28 days or later and re-evaluate.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Description of all materials including coatings, ma-sonry units, mortar materials, and composition of mortar usedto construct the wall specimens, and th

39、eir properties asdetermined by the appropriate standards.12.1.2 Description of specimen wall design and details ofconstruction. Include photographs and drawings as necessary.12.1.3 Detailed description of the quality of workmanshipused in construction of test specimens.12.1.4 Conditions of test.12.1

40、.5 Record of observations as required in Section 9.12.1.6 Record of temperature and humidity in the laboratoryduring construction, curing, and test periods.12.1.7 Age of test specimen at the time of test, and re-test,if applicable.13. Precision and Bias13.1 No statement is made either on the precisi

41、on or on thebias of this test method for testing water penetration or leakagethrough masonry due to the test variables involved.14. Keywords14.1 air-pressure; laboratory test; manometer; masonry;simulated wind driven rain; test chamber; water penetration;water spray pipeSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C

42、15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(E 514 05c) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1, 2006.)(1) C 1232, Terminology of Masonry, was added as a refer-enced document in Section 2.(2) Section 3, Terminology, was added.Committee C

43、15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(E 514 05b) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 15, 2005.)(1) Section 8.3 was revised. (2) Note 6 in section 9.5 was modified.E514064ASTM International takes no position respecting the validit

44、y of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject

45、 to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarter

46、s. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard i

47、s copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E514065