ASTM D8007-2015 6799 Standard Test Method for Wale and Course Count of Weft Knitted Fabrics《测定纬编针织物的横纵密度的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D8007 15Standard Test Method forWale and Course Count of Weft Knitted Fabrics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8007; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb

2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of wale andcourse counts of weft knitted fabrics. Weft knit fabrics aremade on circular or flat-bed

3、 knitting machines and includesingle- as well as double-knit fabric categories. Typical fabricsin the single-knit category include jersey and single-pique;typical fabrics in the double-knit category are rib, interlock,and swiss pique.1.2 This test method is not applicable to warp knit fabricssuch as

4、 tricot or raschel.1.3 Wale and course counts are to be reported separately.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.The values given in parentheses are mathemati-cal conversions to SI units that are provided for informationonly and are not considered standard.1.5

5、This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docum

6、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3887 Specification for Tolerances for Knitted FabricsD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE

7、691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 For terminology related to fabrics, see TerminologyD4850.3.2 The following terms are relevant to this test method:count-in knitted fabrics, course-in knitted fabrics, knittedfabric, and w

8、ale-in knitted fabrics.3.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The number of wales and the number of courses per unitdistance of a knitted fabric are counted using a suitable ruler,magnifying device, or digital camera

9、 system. For an illustrationof a simple knitted fabric wale and course orientation, see Fig.1.5. Significance and Use5.1 If there are differences of practical significance betweenreported test results for two laboratories (or more), compara-tive tests should be performed to determine if there is ast

10、atistical bias between them using competent statistical assis-tance. As a minimum, ensure that the test samples to be usedare as homogeneous as possible and drawn from the materialfrom which the disparate test results were obtained. The testspecimens are to be randomly assigned in equal numbers toea

11、ch laboratory for testing. The test results from the partici-pating laboratories should be compared using a statistical testfor unpaired data to a probability level chosen before initiationof the testing. If a bias is found, either its cause shall be foundand corrected, or future test results for th

12、at material shall beadjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 The results obtained by this test method may be used todetermine if fabrics meet the tolerances for fabric counts givenin Specification D3887.6. Apparatus6.1 Use any suitable device, such as a pick glass, ruler,microscope, or digita

13、l camera system that will allow countingby unit distance.6.2 The use of a stylus, pointer, or pick needle is recom-mended when using a pick glass, ruler, or if the microscopedoes not have a micrometer.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, takeat random the number of rolls

14、of fabric as directed in an1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,General.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published September 2015. DOI:10.1520/D8007-15.Copyright ASTM Internati

15、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1applicable material specification or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be theprimary sampling unit.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample, take a fullwidth

16、swatch at least 2 yd (2 m) long from each roll of fabricin the lot sample.7.2.1 It is not necessary to cut out swatches from thelaboratory sample for each wale and course count to be taken.Consider each designated place at which wale and coursecounts are made as a test specimen. It is recommended th

17、at awale and a course count be taken at the same site on thelaboratory sample then at different locations along the lengthand across the width of the laboratory sample.7.3 When like garments or textile items represent a labora-tory sample, wale and course counts should be made atlocations on differe

18、nt panels of the garments or products atleast 2 in. (5 cm) away from seams, pockets, plackets, or otherassembly sites.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition specimens as directed in Practice D1776.Testing may be performed without conditioning. However, incases of dispute, specimens shall be conditioned before

19、 testing.8.2 If testing is performed in conditions not specified inPractice D1776, report the prevailing conditions at the time oftesting. Such results may not correspond with the resultsobtained when testing in the standard atmosphere for testingtextiles.9. Procedure9.1 Wale and course counts shoul

20、d be made no closer to afabric selvage or tubular edge than one tenth of the width of thefabric or within 0.5 yd (0.5 m) of the end of the roll or piece.9.1.1 Wale and course counts may be made on either theface or the back side of the fabric sample. Select the fabric sidethat allows for the best vi

21、sual observation of the wales andcourses.9.1.2 For garments or textile items, see 7.3.9.2 For counting wales, position a ruler or counting devicealong the width direction of the fabric. Using a stylus or thepointer of a counting device, place the starting point betweentwo wales along a single course

22、 row. Move the stylus or pointeralong the width direction, counting the number of wales untila 1-in. (2.5 cm) distance is reached. Record the count.9.2.1 Repeat 9.2 in two additional locations.9.2.2 For counting wales on a rib knitted fabric, only thevisible wales are counted and recorded for the si

23、de of the fabricchosen for counting.NOTE 1A designation of11,22,or33isused to describe abalanced rib knit fabric, that is, one in which the same number of walesFIG. 1 Wale and Course Orientation in Single Knitted FabricCourtesy of Cotton Incorporated, Cary, NC, Circular Knitting Science Intermediate

24、 Workshop Notebook and The Art of Knitting: An Interactive Guide to the Basics ofKnitting educational CD, .D8007 152per unit length are visible on each side of the fabric.9.3 For counting courses, place a ruler or counting device inthe length fabric direction along a wale column. Position astylus or

25、 the pointer of a counting device between two coursesas the starting point. Move the stylus or pointer along the waledirection, counting the number of courses until a 1-in. (2.5 cm)distance has been reached.9.3.1 Repeat 9.3 in two additional locations.9.4 If using a digital counting microscope, foll

26、ow themanufacturers instructions for counting wales and courses tothe selected distance of measurement.9.5 If counting wales and courses on garments or products,select locations in three different panels of the garment orproduct.9.6 For any measurement device used (ruler, fabric counter,or microscop

27、e), if there is a difference of two or more wales orcourses between the three locations, count and record wales orcourses in three locations at 3- or 5-in. (7.5 or 25.4 cm) orgreater distances. Counting distances greater than 1 in.(2.5 cm) will produce more precise wale and course counts.9.7 For fan

28、cy knitted fabrics in which one or more yarns donot appear at regular, short intervals, perform counts over atleast one full pattern repeat of each design component roundingto the nearest whole number wale or course. Record the countsand the distances measured.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the avera

29、ge number of wales and courses per1 in. (2.5 cm) separately to the nearest whole number.10.2 In instances in which 3-in. (7.5 cm) or greater distancesare counted, divide the average counts by three, or the distancemeasured, to report a count per 1 in. (2.5 cm).10.3 In the case of counting fancy knit

30、ted fabrics in whichpattern repeats or areas of different components in the designare used, divide the number of wales (or courses) by thedistance counted to achieve a count per 1 in. (2.5 cm) andaverage the respective counts to the nearest whole number.11. Report11.1 Samples were tested as directed

31、 in Test Method D8007.11.2 Report the following information:11.2.1 Each samples identification, lot number, and soforth;11.2.2 Standard conditions or the conditions under whichthe testing was performed;11.2.3 The actual distance across which the wales andcourses were counted if greater than 1 in. (2

32、.5 cm); and11.2.4 Average number of wales and courses per 1 in.(2.5 cm) stating the wale count first. See Eq 1.Knitted fabric count = 36 348 (1)where:36 = Average wale count per inch, wpi, and48 = Average course count, cpi.NOTE 2Knitted fabric manufacturers may use the reverse order, thatis, courses

33、 by wales, when denoting knitted fabric counts.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method is basedon an intralaboratory study of D8007, new Test Method forWale and Course Count of Weft Knit Fabric, conducted in2010. Three operators in a single laboratory tested foursamples

34、: jersey, 2 2 rib, single-pique, and interlock knittedfabrics. Wale and course counts were performed on eachsample. Every “test result” represents the average of threeindividual determinations, and all participants were asked toreport two replicate test results for each fabric analyzed. Forthe pique

35、 and interlock samples, some wale counts wereperformed at 3-in. (7.6 cm) intervals that indicate greatervariability is likely to occur when counting these fabricconstructions. Insufficient data were available for a full statis-tical analysis on these fabrics. A later study will be performedto provid

36、e additional information. Except for testing in only asingle laboratory, Practice E691 was followed for the studydesign and analysis of the data; the details are given in ASTMResearch Report No. D13-1139.212.1.1 Repeatability Limit (r)Two test results obtainedwithin one laboratory shall be judged no

37、t equivalent if theydiffer by more than the r value for that material; r is the intervalrepresenting the critical difference between two test results forthe same material obtained by the same operator using thesame equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.12.1.1.1 Repeatability limits are li

38、sted in Tables 1 and 2.12.1.2 Reproducibility Limit (R)Two test results shall bejudged not equivalent if they differ by more than the R valuefor that material; R is the interval representing the critical2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by request

39、ing Research Report RR: D13-1139. Contact ASTMCustomer Service at serviceastm.org.TABLE 1 Wale CountsMaterial AverageARepeatability StandardDeviationReproducibility StandardDeviationRepeatability Limit Modified ReproducibilityLimitBxSrSRrRJersey100 % cotton,5.6 oz yd241.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 x 2 rib100

40、 % cotton,5.8 oz yd226.7 0.6 0.9 1.6 2.4AThe average of the operators calculated averages.BBased on the variability of three different operators in a single laboratory.D8007 153difference between two test results for the same materialobtained by different operators using different equipment indiffer

41、ent laboratories.12.1.2.1 As only a single laboratory reported results in thisstudy, comparisons could only be made between the resultsreported by the three participating operators; therefore, appro-priately modified reproducibility limits are listed in Tables 1and 2.12.1.3 The terms repeatability l

42、imit and reproducibilitylimit are used as specified in Practice E177, except as noted.12.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with 12.1.1 and 12.1.2would have an approximate 95 % probability of being correct.13. Keywords13.1 course count; knitted fabric; wale countANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. EXAMPLES

43、OF WALE AND COURSE COUNT SEQUENCING BY KNIT FABRIC TYPEA1.1 Single JerseyA1.1.1 See Fig. A1.1 for an example of a single jersey.A1.2 Interlock Knitted FabricA1.2.1 See Fig. A1.2 for an example of an interlock knittedfabric.A1.3 Rib,22,KnittedA1.3.1 See Fig. A1.3 for an example of a rib,22,knittedfab

44、ric.A1.4 Single-Pique Knitted FabricA1.4.1 See Fig. A1.4 for an example of a single-piqueknitted fabric.TABLE 2 Course CountsMaterial AverageARepeatability StandardDeviationReproducibility StandardDeviationRepeatability Limit Modified ReproducibilityLimitBxSrSRrRJersey100 % cotton,5.6 oz yd265.2 0.4

45、 0.4 1.1 1.12 x 2 rib100 % cotton,5.8 oz yd235.5 0.4 0.6 1.1 1.6AThe average of the operators calculated averages.BBased on the variability of three different operators in a single laboratory.D8007 154FIG. A1.1 Single JerseyFIG. A1.2 Interlock Knitted fabricD8007 155ASTM International takes no posit

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