[外语类试卷]大学英语六级模拟试卷264及答案与解析.doc
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1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 264及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Smoking in Public Places Should (Not) Be Banned. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1. 提出你的立场和理由 2提出可能的反对理由 3给予相应的反驳,或提出合理的建
2、议 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark: Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the p
3、assage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 Does Genetic Research Threaten Our Civil Liberties? The Current Genetic Research The science of genetics is a flourishing new industry, nourished
4、 in large part by the federally funded Human Genome Project. The goal of this ambitious research endeavor is to identify every gene found in the human body, perhaps 100,000 in all. Several months ago, the U.S. government and a private corporation announced that they had “completed“ the “map“ of the
5、genome, although actually there are still many gaps. Much related research focuses on genetic diagnostics- tests designed to identify genes thought to be associated with various medical conditions. More than 50 new genetic tests have been identified in the past five years alone. The increasing speed
6、, sophistication, affordability, and interconnectivity of computer systems allow the rapid monitoring and matching of many millions of records. A 1994 benchmark study by the ACLU found that “concerns about personal privacy run deep among the American people“. The promotion of an ideology of genetici
7、zation fosters the belief that genes are determinative of an individuals behavior, character, and future. Capitalist economic relations have created a scramble (争夺 ) for venture capital, the altering of patent laws, and calls for mass genetic testing by researchers who trade on the old image of the
8、altruistic scientist to mask their conflicts of interest in testing labs, patents, consulting contracts, etc. The Technological Society Technologies are not value-neutral; they usually embody the perspectives, purposes, and political objectives of powerful social groups. The dominant ideology in Wes
9、tern society proclaims that science and technology are value-neutral, and the only problems caused by technologies are either “externalities“ (unintended side effects) or abuses. However, because technologies are the result of human interventions into the otherwise natural progression of activities
10、(and not acts of God or of nature), they are themselves actually imbued with human intentions and purposes. Current technologies do not equally benefit all segments of society (and indeed are not intended to do so), although to maximize public support for these developments and to minimize potential
11、 opposition, their proponents rarely acknowledge these distributional ramifications (分歧 ). The United States is a society in which the differential access to wealth and power has been exacerbated during recent years. Thus, those people with more power can determine the kinds of technological develop
12、ments that are researched and implemented. Because of their size, scale, and requirements for capital investments and for knowledge, modem technologies are powerful interventions into the natural order. They tend to be the mechanisms by which already powerful groups extend, manifest, and further con
13、solidate their powers. Thus, technologies themselves are not neutral; they are social and political phenomena. Genetic technologies and computerization exhibit these characteristics, and reflect power differentials in the society. The results of technological advancement appear to offer a good futur
14、e capabilities of enhanced surveillance (监视 ) and control over people and events, as well as promises of perfectionism (thus leading to both a loss of privacy and increased opportunities for discrimination by powerful entities). Predictability will replace a tolerance for natural variation and diver
15、sity. Loss of Privacy Genetic privacy, like medical privacy in general, involves notions of the dignity and integrity of the individual. Is data accurate? Can individuals access their own files? Can the donor correct inaccurate data? Are the custodians faithful and are technical security systems pro
16、tecting the data where possible? Does the individual have control over which third parties are allowed access, and under what conditions? Infant blood tests are stored in database. The U.S. Department of Defense insists on taking DNA samples from all its personnel, ostensibly for identification of t
17、hose killed in action and body parts from military accidents - despite the fact that the samples are to be kept for 50 years (long after people have left active duty). The program includes civilian employees. The agency refuses to issue regulations barfing all third party use, and the Department wil
18、l not accept waivers (弃权声明 ) from the next of kin (最近的亲属 ) of subjects not wanting to donate tissues. The FBI has been promoting the genetic screening of criminals to establish state DNA identification data banks to be used in criminal investigations; indeed, Federal legislation penalizes states fis
19、cally if they dont participate, and now all do. Yet the data includes samples from those whose crimes have low recidivism (累犯 ) rates or dont leave tissue samples; in some states people merely accused are forced into the program, and in others there are politicians calling for an expansion along the
20、se lines, despite the Constitutional presumption of innocence. Infant blood samples, from the heel-sticks used to determine blood type and test for PKU, are stored as “Guthrie blots“. California alone has more than seven million in its repository. The American Civil Liberties Union advocates that “t
21、he decision to undergo genetic screening is purely personal“ and it should not be “subject to control or compulsion by third parties“ or the government. And “where a person has intentionally undergone genetic screening procedures there must be no disclosure of findings to third parties without the e
22、xpress and informed consent of the subject given after the results of the screening are made known to the subject and upon such times and conditions as the subject may require.“ Yet patients records “are commodities for sale,“ in the words of the New York Times a few years ago, and a panel of the U.
23、S. National Research Council has warned that the computerized medical records of millions of citizens are open to misuse and abuse. Genetic Discrimination Genetic discrimination is the other major civil liberty threatened by genetic research. Scientists working with the Council for Responsible Genet
24、ics have documented hundreds of cases where healthy people have been denied insurance or employment based on genetic “predictions.“ Of course, relatively few genetic diseases are deterministic; most tests (which have inherent limits themselves) cannot tell us if a genetic mutation will become manife
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