ASHRAE 90557-2013 Principles of Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (7th Edition).pdf

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1、Principles of HeatingVentilatingand Air Conditioning7th EditionBased on the 2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentalsRonald H. Howell William J. Coad Harry J. Sauer, Jr.9 781936 50457 2ISBN: 978-1-936504-57-2Product Code: 90557 9/13 Principles of HVAC 7th EditionPrinciples of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Co

2、nditioning is a textbook based on the 2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals. It contains the most current ASHRAE procedures and definitive, yet easy to understand, treatment of building HVAC systems, from basic principles through design and operation. It is suitable both as a textbook and as a reference

3、book for undergraduate engineering courses in the field of air conditioning, heating, and ventilation; for similar courses at technical and vocational schools; for continuing education and refresher short courses for engineers; and for adult education courses for professionals other than engineers,

4、especially when combined with ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals.The material is divided into three major sections: general concepts, chapters 110; air-conditioning systems, chapters 1116; and HVAC the number of rooms/zones is limited only by the available computer memory.ASHRAE1791 Tullie CircleAtlanta, G

5、A 30329-2305404-636-8400 (worldwide)www.ashrae.orgPHVAC TEXT_cover.indd 1 9/10/2013 9:08:33 AMPRINCIPLESOF HEATINGVENTILATINGANDAIR CONDITIONINGABOUT THE AUTHORSRonald H. Howell, PhD, PE, Fellow ASHRAE, retired as professor and chair of mechanical engineering at the Univer-sity of South Florida and

6、is also professor emeritus of the University of Missouri-Rolla. For 45 years he taught coursesin refrigeration, heating and air conditioning, thermal analysis, and related areas. He has been the principal or co-prin-cipal investigator of 12ASHRAE-funded research projects. His industrial and consulti

7、ng engineering experience rangesfrom ventilation and condensation problems to the development and implementation of a complete air curtain testprogram.William J. Coad, PE, Fellow ASHRAE, wasASHRAE president in 2001-2002. He has been with McClure EngineeringAssociates, St. Louis, Mo., for 45 years an

8、d is currently a consulting principal. He is also president of Coad EngineeringEnterprises.HehasservedasaconsultanttotheMissouristategovernmentandwasalecturerinmechanicalengineeringfor 12 years and an affiliate professor in the graduate program for 17 years at Washington University, St. Louis. He is

9、the author of Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems (Van Nostrand Reinhold).Harry J. Sauer, Jr., PhD, PE, Fellow ASHRAE,wasaprofessorof mechanicalandaerospaceengineeringattheUniver-sity of Missouri-Rolla. He taught courses in air conditioning, refrigeration, environmental quality an

10、alysis and control,and related areas. His research ranged from experimental boiling/condensing heat transfer and energy recovery equip-ment for HVAC systems to computer simulations of building energy use and actual monitoring of residential energy use.He served as an advisor to the Missouri state go

11、vernment and has conducted energy auditor training programs for theUS Department of Energy. Dr. Sauer passed away in June 2008.PRINCIPLESOF HEATINGVENTILATINGANDAIR CONDITIONING7th EditionA Textbook with Design Data Based on the2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentalsRonald H. Howell William J. Coad Harry J

12、. Sauer, Jr.ISBN 978-1-936504-57-2 2013 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Printed in the United States of AmericaASHRAE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, owned by the American Society of Heating, Refriger-ating and Air-C

13、onditioning Engineers, Inc.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any dutyto investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of anytechnical data or editor

14、ial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of anyproduct, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is freeof errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statemen

15、t or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use ofany information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote briefpassages or reproduce illustrations in a review with app

16、ropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission inwriting from ASHRAE.Howell, Ronald H. (Ronald Hunter), 1935-Principles of heating ventilating and air

17、conditioning : a textbook with design data based on the 2013 ASHRAE handbookfundamentals / Ronald H. Howell, William J. Coad, Harry J. Sauer, Jr. - 7th edition.pages cmSome editions have Sauers name first.Includes bibliographical references and index.Summary: “A textbook with design data based on th

18、e 2013 ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals“- Provided by publisher.ISBN 978-1-936504-57-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)1. Heating-Textbooks. 2. Ventilation-Textbooks. 3. Air conditioning-Textbooks. I. Coad, William J. II. Sauer, Harry J., Jr.,1935- III. Title.TH7012.H73 2013697-dc232013036759ASHRAE Staff Spe

19、cial Publications Mark S. Owen, Editor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield Michaels, Managing EditorJames Madison Walker, Associate EditorRoberta Hirschbuehler, Assistant EditorSarah Boyle, Editorial AssistantMichshell Phillips, Editorial CoordinatorPublishing Services

20、David Soltis, Group Manager of Publishing Services andElectronic CommunicationsJayne Jackson, Publication Traffic AdministratorTracy Becker, Graphics SpecialistPublisher W. Stephen ComstockCONTENTSPart I General ConceptsChapter 1 BackgroundIntroduction.1Historical Notes 2Building Energy Use.5Concept

21、ualizing an HVAC System 7Sustainability and Green Buildings 7Problems .8Bibliography .9Chapter 2 Thermodynamics and PsychrometricsFundamental Concepts and Principles11Properties of a Substance13Forms of Energy .36First Law of Thermodynamics40Second Law of Thermodynamics .42Third Law of Thermodynamic

22、s44Basic Equations of Thermodynamics .44Thermodynamics Applied to Refrigeration44Applying Thermodynamics to Heat Pumps49Absorption Refrigeration Cycle49Problems .50Bibliography .55SI Tables and Figures55Chapter 3 Basic HVAC System CalculationsApplying Thermodynamics to HVAC Processes .67Single-Path

23、Systems .72Air-Volume Equations for Single-Path Systems 72Psychrometric Representation of Single-Path Systems74Sensible Heat Factor (Sensible Heat Ratio)74Problems .76Bibliography .80Chapter 4 Design ConditionsIndoor Design Conditions.81Outdoor Design Conditions: Weather Data89Other Factors Affectin

24、g Design136Temperatures in Adjacent Unconditioned Spaces140Problems .141Bibliography .142SI Tables and Figures143Chapter 5 Load Estimating FundamentalsGeneral Considerations.145Outdoor Air Load Components 146Heat-Transfer Coefficients158Calculating Surface Temperatures169Problems .173Bibliography .1

25、76SI Figures and Tables177Chapter 6 Residential Cooling and Heating Load CalculationsBackground.189General Guidelines190Cooling Load Methodology195Heating Load Methodology198Nomenclature204Load Calculation Example205Problems .207Bibliography .210SI Figures and Tables211Chapter 7 Nonresidential Cooli

26、ng and Heating Load CalculationsPrinciples.217Initial Design Considerations221Heat Gain Calculation Concepts.221Description of Radiant Time Series (RTS).247Cooling Load Calculation Using RTS249Heating Load Calculations250Design Loads Calculation Example252Problems .266Bibliography .269SI Figures and

27、 Tables274Chapter 8 Energy Estimating MethodsGeneral Considerations.289Component Modeling and Loads290Overall Modeling Strategies.291Integration of System Models.292Degree-Day Methods293Bin Method (Heating and Cooling) 302Problems .304Bibliography .308Chapter 9 Duct and Pipe SizingDuct Systems 309Fa

28、ns.346Air-Diffusing Equipment354Pipe, Tube, and Fittings356Pumps361Problems .363References.367SI Figures and Tables369Chapter 10 Economic Analyses and Life-Cycle CostsIntroduction.377Owning Costs377Service Life.377Depreciation380Interest or Discount Rate 380Periodic Costs .380Operating Costs.381Econ

29、omic Analysis Techniques385Reference Equations .388Problems .388Symbols 389References.390Bibliography .390Part II HVAC SystemsChapter 11 Air-Conditioning System ConceptsSystem Objectives and Categories391System Selection and Design392Design Parameters 392Performance Requirements.393Focusing on Syste

30、m Options 393Narrowing the Choice.394Energy Considerations of Air Systems.395Basic Central Air-Conditioning and Distribution System396Smoke Management398Components 398Air Distribution.401Space Heating .403Primary Systems .403Space Requirements405Problems .408Bibliography .410Chapter 12 System Config

31、urationsIntroduction.411Selecting the System.412Multiple-Zone Control Systems412Ventilation and Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS).415All-Air System with DOAS Unit416Air-and-Water Systems with DOAS Unit.416In-Space Temperature Control Systems .416Problems .422Bibliography .425Chapter 13 Hydronic H

32、eating and Cooling System DesignIntroduction.427Closed Water Systems 428Design Considerations436Design Procedures 444Problems .447Bibliography .448Chapter 14 Unitary and Room Air ConditionersUnitary Air Conditioners 449Combined Unitary and Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems451Window Air Conditioners.451T

33、hrough-the-Wall Conditioner System.452Typical Performance.453Minisplits, Multisplits, and Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Systems453Water-Source Heat Pumps454Problems .455Bibliography .455Chapter 15 Panel Heating and Cooling SystemsGeneral457Types.458Design Steps460Problems .461Bibliography .461Chap

34、ter 16 Heat Pump, Cogeneration, and Heat Recovery SystemsGeneral463Types of Heat Pumps463Heat Sources and Sinks.465Cogeneration.468Heat Recovery Terminology and Concepts469Heat Recovery Systems 471Problems .474Bibliography .474SI Figures474Part III HVAC EquipmentChapter 17 Air-Processing EquipmentAi

35、r-Handling Equipment 477Cooling Coils477Heating Coils 482Evaporative Air-Cooling Equipment483Air Washers 484Dehumidification 484Humidification486Sprayed Coil Humidifiers/Dehumidifiers.488Air Cleaners488Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment.493Economizers500Problems .500Bibliography .502SI Table.503Ch

36、apter 18 Refrigeration EquipmentMechanical Vapor Compression.505Absorption Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment523Cooling Towers.529Problems .532Bibliography .533SI Tables .534Chapter 19 Heating EquipmentFuels and Combustion 537Burners540Residential Furnaces.541Commercial Furnaces .543Boiler

37、s.546Terminal Units548Electric Heating 549Problems .551Bibliography .552Chapter 20 Heat Exchange EquipmentModes of Heat Transfer555Heat Exchangers .561Basic Heat Exchanger Design Equation.563Estimation of Heat Load.563Mean Temperature Difference563Estimation of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

38、U564Extended Surfaces, Fin Efficiency, and Fin-Tube Contact Resistance 565Fouling Factors .566Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients hiand ho.567Calculation of Heat Exchanger Surface Area and Overall Size .570Fluids and Their Thermophysical Properties570Example Finned-Tube Heat Exchanger Design .570P

39、roblems .570Bibliography .572AppendicesAppendix A SI for HVAC or (2) the supplying of a set of environ-mental conditions (high temperature and high humidity, lowtemperature and high humidity, etc.) for a process or productwithin a space. Human comfort design conditions are quitedifferent from condit

40、ions required in textile mills or for grainstorage and vary with factors such as time of year and theactivity and clothing levels of the occupants.If improperly sized equipment or the wrong type of equip-ment is used, the desired environmental conditions usuallywill not be met. Furthermore, improper

41、ly selected and/orsized equipment normally requires excess power and/orenergy and may have a higher initial cost. The design of anHVAC system includes calculation of the maximum heatingand cooling loads for the spaces to be served, selection of thetype of system to be used, calculation of piping and

42、/or ductsizes, selection of the type and size of equipment (heatexchangers, boilers, chillers, fans, etc.), and a layout of thesystem, with cost, indoor air quality, and energy conservationbeing considered along the way. Some criteria to be consid-ered areTemperature,humidity,andspacepressurerequire

43、mentsCapacity requirementsEquipment redundancySpatial requirementsFirst costOperating costMaintenance costReliabilityFlexibilityLife-cycle cost analysisThe following details should be considered to properlydesign an air-conditioning system:1. The location, elevation, and orientation of the structure

44、so that the effects of the weather (wind, sun, and precip-itation) on the building heating and cooling loads can beanticipated.2. The building size (wall area, roof area, glass area, floorarea, and so forth).3. The building shape (L-shaped, A-shaped, rectangular,etc.), which influences equipment loc

45、ation, type of heat-ing and cooling system used, and duct or piping loca-tions.4. The space use characteristics. Will there be differentusers (office, bank, school, dance studios, etc.) of thespace from year to year? Will there be different concur-rent requirements from the tenants? Will there be ni

46、ghtsetback of the temperature controller or intermittent useof the buildings facilities?5. The type of material (wood, masonry, metal, and so forth)used in the construction of the building. What is theexpected quality of the construction?6. The type of fenestration (light transmitting partition)used

47、, its location in the building, and how it might beshaded. Is glass heat absorbing, reflective, colored, etc.?7. The types of doors (sliding, swinging, revolving) andwindows (sealed, wood or metal frames, etc.) used. Whatis their expected use? This will affect the amount of infil-tration air.8. The

48、expected occupancy for the space and the timeschedule of this occupancy.9. Type and location of lighting. Types of appliances andelectrical machinery in the space and their expected use.10. Location of electric, gas, and water services. These ser-vices should be integrated with the locations of the

49、heat-ing and air-conditioning duct, piping, and equipment.2 Principles of HVAC11. Ventilation requirements for the structure. Does it require100% outdoor air, a given number of CFM per person, ora given number of CFM per square foot of floor area?12. Local and/or national codes relating to ventilation, gas,and/or electric piping.13. Outside design temperatures and wind velocities for thelocation.14. The environmental conditions that are maintained. Willfluctuations of these conditions with load be detrimentalto the purpose served by the structure?15. The heating an