托福-23及答案解析.doc

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1、托福-23 及答案解析(总分：120.02，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Set 1(总题数：1，分数：13.00)Film Exchanges in Americas Early Movie Industry1Motion pictures were exhibited to the public in the late 1800s, though the first device to accomplish this would seem very unfamiliar to todays movie-going audiences.Thomas

2、 Edisons 1893 Kinetoscope was little more than a wooden box with a small glass window. Intended only for individual viewing, it housed a roll of film, a mechanical device to circulate the film, and a small light to illuminate it. A person would peer through the window and watch a short moving sequen

3、ce, usually just a depiction of an everyday event or the performance of an acrobat or dancer. Needless to say, the mediums ability to serve only one customer at a time severely limited its profitability.2Everything changed two years later with the advent of projection, by which a much larger film im

4、age could be shown to multiple viewers simultaneously. The Lumire brothers of France were the first to introduce this new technology with a projection machine called a cinematograph. Edison was quick to follow their lead and created his Vitascope projector in late 1895. With the potential to make mo

5、ney by charging admission to movies now within reach, the innovators of the film industry were ready to expand their business ventures.3There were two industry models in practice during the early 1900s. A handful of successful firms, such as the Biograph Company, owned the equipment to make their ow

6、n films as well as the venues in which to display them. Such companies were rare, however; most films were shown by independent exhibitors. These included traditional theater owners, who added short film presentations to their programs of live-action entertainment, and traveling cinema exhibitors, w

7、ho moved from town to town to reach new audiences, often following circuits established by rural fairs. They typically purchased films directly from the production companies that made them, paying a set price per foot of film regardless of its content. Because movies of the time were never longer th

8、an one or two minutes, it was feasible to buy them outright. However, this system failed to attract significant audiences as the public soon tired of the small stock of films exhibitors had to offer, and the reels of film themselves deteriorated quickly through repeated transport and screening in tr

9、aveling cinema shows.4Things changed again when producers began increasing the length of their films in order to tell more complex stories. Longer films entailed higher prices, and it became difficult for small-scale exhibitors to purchase them. This, in turn, prevented production studios from creat

10、ing as many movies as they could, since they had no one to sell them to. It was precisely this dilemma that gave rise to the film exchange. An early version of a motion-picture distributor, film exchanges were responsible for bridging the gap between production and exhibition.They financed productio

11、n studios, giving them the funds they needed to film more movies. Then, they purchased these films and rented them out to exhibitors around the country for a fraction of what it would have cost the exhibitors to purchase the films themselves.5The film-exchange system revolutionized the industry, gre

12、atly benefiting all parties involved. Film rentals allowed exhibitors to show a wide variety of movies and gave them constant access to new films so they could change their programs frequently. This led to the rise of what we now know as the movie theater, a venue dedicated solely to the public exhi

13、bition of films. Film exchanges made money by taking a percentage of ticket sales, and the production studios were paid by the exchanges, （分数：13.00）(1).The word it in the passage refers toA. device.B. film.C. window.D. sequence.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).In Paragraph 1, the author states that Kinetoscope

14、filmsA. offered a limited range of subject matter.B. required patience from the viewer.C. were projected on a glass surface.D. received acclaim from the general public.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Based on the information in Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2, what can be inferred about the cinematograph and the V

15、itascope projector?A. They were greatly influenced by Edisons earlier inventions.B. They both were very different from todays projection devices.C. Their inventors worked together to create them.D. They both made more money than the Kinetoscope had.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Why does the author mention th

16、e Biograph Company?A. To identify the most successful company in the film industry at the time.B. To describe an exception to a trend in film exhibition in the early 1900s.C. To discuss the first addition of films to traditional entertainment programs.D. To illustrate the model on which most other s

17、mall film companies were based.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The word circuits in the passage is closest in meaning toA. traditions.B. assemblies.C. rules.D. routes.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).According to Paragraph 3, how was the price of a film determined?A. By the physical proportions of the film itself.B. By th

18、e popularity of the films content.C. By the success of the film in the past.D. By the distance exhibitors had to travel to buy it.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meanin

19、g in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The lack of variety and short life of film reels prevented the industry from experiencing real success.B. In order to attract larger audiences to their showings, exhibitors needed to expand their stocks of films.C. Due to difficulties transpo

20、rting the films long distances, traveling cinemas were not commercially successful.D. The public soon began demanding higher-quality films, but most exhibitors were unable to obtain them.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).The word entailed in the passage is closest in meaning toA. founded.B. contained.C. required

21、.D. allowed.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).What can be inferred from Paragraph 4 about film exchanges?A. They charged high rental prices for the films they owned.B. They possessed large amounts of startup capital.C. They participated in both production and exhibition.D. They broadened the market for films ove

22、rseas.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).In Paragraph 5, the author suggests that the rise in profits that came with the success of moviesA. led to an improvement in the overall quality of films.B. was captured primarily by the film exchanges.C. pressed studios to keep the production quota.D. was most beneficial

23、 to film exhibitors.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(11).According to Paragraph 6, what caused the disappearance of film exchanges?A. The increased profitability of the film industry.B. A shift in preference toward Hollywood distributors.C. The formation of corporate film monopolies.D. A decline in the quality of

24、their services.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Nickelodeons, so named because the cost of admission was a nickel, appeared first, but fancier exhibition halls opened to suit bigger audiences and more refined tast

25、es.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.A. Square .B. Square .C. Square .D. Square .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting theTHREE answer cho

26、ices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.During the early years of Americas film industry, several changes

27、 took place in attempts to make films more profitable._Answer ChoicesA. Thomas Edisons Kinetoscope holds the distinction of being the first device ever created that could exhibit motion-picture films to an audience.B. Due to the obvious limitations of the Kinetoscope, it was the introduction of proj

28、ection that first gave businessmen hopes of making money from showing movies.C. In the early 1900s, theater owners and traveling exhibitors purchased films directly from the studios but enjoyed little success in displaying them to the public.D. The audiences demand for more elaborate stories resulte

29、d in longer films, which meant that most exhibitors could no longer afford to buy them outright.E. Early film exchanges would rent out exhibition halls, giving a cut of the ticket sales to both the theater owner and the film production company.F. The creation of film exchanges gave exhibitors access

30、 to a steady stream of films and enabled the industry to grow.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、Set 2(总题数：2，分数：17.00)TOEFL Reading Passage 1Two Types of Social Groups1. One of the most basic elements of human life is the way in which we form social groups and interact with the members of those groups. According to

31、sociologists, no one is ever entirely separate from the social networks that surround him or her, and the groups we belong to play an enormous role in determining how we see ourselves and our world. Early American sociologist Charles H. Cooley(1864-1929) defined two principal categories of human gro

32、upings, and his ideas are still widely accepted today. He termed them primary and secondary, based on the kinds of relationships individuals in the group share with each other.2. In primary groups, we form what Cooley referred to as primary relationships. These are marked by strong, long-lasting emo

33、tional ties, feelings of intimacy and genuine concern for the well-being of the other person or people. Intangible items, such as love, respect, and support, are exchanged by individuals in primary groups, causing them to feel nurtured by the relationships the group affords them. Participation in th

34、e group is therefore seen as its own reward; there is no concrete, external goal that members are working towards.3. Due to the time and effort it takes to build such close bonds, primary groups are typically small. Some prominent examples given by Cooley include families, groups of childhood friend

35、s, and the tight-knit communities adults enter into with their neighbors or other close peers. In the view of Cooley and later sociologists, it is the primary group that is most important in the development of an individuals personal beliefs and values, and assists that person with his or her integr

36、ation into society at large.4. Secondary groups, in contrast, are characterized by the lack of intimate relationships among their members. These secondary relationships involve less personal interaction and weaker emotional connections, and therefore they do not have as significant an impact on the

37、development of an individuals worldview. In addition, since ties between individuals are not as strong, many secondary groups either exist for only a short time before dissolving, or experience frequent changes in membership.5. Secondary groups can be quite large. A companys employees, a universitys

38、 student body, and even a countrys citizens are all examples of secondary groups. The items individuals exchange are usually tangible in nature, such as the labor provided in return for wages in the case of a commercial organization. Most notably, though, the reason that secondary groups form in the

39、 first place is to accomplish a specific task. Employees participate in the secondary group of their company with the intention of creating a product or service, as well as to receive pay. （分数：8.96）(1).According to Paragraph 1, how did Cooley differentiate between primary and secondary groups?A. By

40、using definitions formulated by earlier American sociologists.B. By focusing on the types of interactions displayed by group members.C. By assigning values to groups based on their role in personal development.D. By comparing the types of roles they play in society.（分数：0.64）A.B.C.D.(2).It can be inf

41、erred from Paragraph 2 that the typical primary groupA. cannot supply everything an individual needs to be happy.B. contains members that are emotionally healthy.C. remains together for a long period of time.D. does not encourage the formation of relationships outside the group.（分数：0.64）A.B.C.D.(3).

42、The word affords in the passage is closest in meaning toA. lends.B. provides.C. costs.D. teaches.（分数：0.64）A.B.C.D.(4).In Paragraph 3, the author states that primary groups are largely responsible forA. shaping how their members relate to their social environment.B. making sure societies work togethe

43、r towards a common goal.C. forming organizations that undertake community development.D. introducing new sets of beliefs and values to human society.（分数：0.64）A.B.C.D.(5).The word dissolving in the passage is closest in meaning toA. returning.B. settling down.C. arguing.D. breaking up.（分数：0.64）A.B.C.

44、D.(6).Why does the author mention labor and wages in Paragraph 5?A. To suggest that commercial entities are different from most secondary groups.B. To explain the reason why most secondary groups exist.C. To contrast these resources with tangible items found in secondary groups.D. To characterize th

45、e nature of exchanges within secondary groups.（分数：0.64）A.B.C.D.(7).According to Paragraph 6, one similarity between primary and secondary groups is that they bothA. give rise to technological development.B. are absent in less-developed nations.C. can be observed in all kinds of societies.D. are esse

46、ntial to the health of societies.（分数：0.64）A.B.C.D.(8).The word them in the passage refers toA. less-developed nations.B. individuals.C. bonds.D. primary groups.（分数：0.64）A.B.C.D.(9).The phrase at the expense of in the passage is closest in meaning toA. along with.B. regardless of.C. among.D. in place

47、 of.（分数：0.64）A.B.C.D.(10).What can be inferred from Paragraph 6 about a society with a high level of technological advancement?A. Its primary groups are concerned mainly with acquiring material goods.B. It is less common for people to commit to primary or secondary groups.C. It allows its citizens t

48、o join more primary groups than those of other societies.D. Its people form secondary groups more often than primary groups.（分数：0.64）A.B.C.D.(11).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in

49、important ways or leave out essential information.A. The primary group, representing a safe and loving environment, enables individuals to express themselves freely and grow emotionally.B. Most of the traditional primary groups in a society are no longer able to offer their members emotional well-being.C. It cannot be overlooked that belonging to primary groups is a necessary part of every individuals developmental processes.D. Individuals will seek vital emotional fulfillment in other social environments if their customary