GRE21及答案解析.doc

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1、GRE21及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.With legal migration, governments need to persuade voters that they are accepting immigrants who will be -|_|-for the country, rather than those who will -|_|-drain resources.（分数：1.00）A.beneficial merelyB.jingoistic withalC.exotic c

2、onstantlyD.amusing ungraciouslyE.helpful seldom2.Even if the public ate up every -|_|-detail about their leaders, that same public grew offended that the news media would actually pander to their baser impulses.（分数：1.00）A.mesmericB.loftyC.supineD.resonantE.lubricious3.The discoveries of the social s

3、ciences, once isolated and labeled, are -|_|-conventional wisdom, whereupon they -|_|-their distinctiveness as scientific advances, being for this reason less likely than other intellectual enterprises to establish unique identities.（分数：1.00）A.rejected by . establishB.confirmed by . consolidateC.dis

4、proved by . displayD.incorporated into . loseE.absorbed by . gain4.The hostile epistolary of that choleric politician were larded with -|_|-sympathy, strained sarcasm or pure spite.（分数：1.00）A.plangentB.ersatzC.acerbicD.keenE.erstwhile5.Skeptics have debated whether welfare rights, including those to

5、 medical care or employment training, -|_|-solidarity and fellow-feeling, or whether they erode initiative and -|_|-dependency.（分数：1.00）A.decrease . encourageB.affect . rejectC.retract . inviteD.control . diminishE.express . inculcate6.She is so -|_|-, it is inconceivable how she is generally though

6、t to be -|_|-.（分数：1.00）A.percipient . reasonableB.philanthropic . dogmaticC.importunate . fortunateD.inconsistent . catholicE.self-aggrandizing . unassuming7.The language of the bureaucrats and administrators must needs be recognized as -|_|-of legal parlance, for there is no other way to explain it

7、s pedantic, -|_|-and pernicious style.（分数：1.00）A.an outgrowth pervicaciousB.a visitation rottenC.a rejection vitriolicD.a permutation heedlessE.a divagation rapturous二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that change diachronically in respo

8、nse to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and Live as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classify diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights i

9、nto disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of sch

10、izophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the

11、presence or absence of “positive“ and “negative“ symptoms. Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social, financial, and physical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions,

12、including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positiveit does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurers

13、but it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be considered synonymous with disease. Two schools nominalist and essentialist

14、or reductionisthave debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying patholog

15、ical etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality. It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in

16、labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality), for the former describes a state that places individuals at some definable risk of adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, b

17、oth clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient. （分数：0.98）(1).The author of the passa

18、ge is primarily concerned with -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.revealing a commonly ignored distinctionB.proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical systemC.describing an way to resolve a taxonomical dilemmaD.assessing the success of a new taxonomical methodE.predicting a change in future taxonomy(2).It can be

19、 inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960 to be an example of which of the following?（分数：0.14）A.A disease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been served well by modern methods of classificationB.A disease which has

20、resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classificationC.A disease which satisfies modern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a traditional methodD.A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classifi

21、cation best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern methodE.A disease which may be defined equally well by modern methods of classification as by traditional ones(3).It can be inferred that the author of the passage considers the application of the label “diseased“ to a patient to

22、be -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.often inhumane and rarely necessaryB.unrelated to the actual study of disease taxonomyC.often necessary but undesirable in certain casesD.a superficial approach to the patients healthE.too difficult to be done with accuracy(4).The author of the passage suggests that all of the fo

23、llowing may be consequences of applying a pathological taxonomy to a diseased person EXCEPT -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.Easier access to health care for the victimB.Social discrimination against the victimC.Influence on the victims decision to reproduceD.Helping to cure the victims conditionE.Complication of t

24、he victims ability to obtain insurance(5).According to the passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school“ cited in the third paragraph would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways?（分数：0.14）A.She would establish what cures the fever, then compare the treatment with other successful

25、 treatments to classify the disease.B.She would wait until the disease appears in other patients, then classify it by establishing variations in their symptoms.C.She would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then classify it accordingly.D.She would isolate the bacteria or virus or

26、genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify it accordingly.E.She would describe the patients symptoms, compare them to patients who have had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.(6).Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to t

27、he passage as a whole?（分数：0.14）A.It summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.B.It provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.C.It argues for a synthesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.D.It cont

28、inues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.E.It provides information that points to the eventual abandonment of a particular system of pathological taxonomy.(7).It can be inferred that which of the following situations is likely to be most problematic

29、 to an adherent of the “essentialist“ method of pathological taxonomy?（分数：0.14）A.A patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsible for the symptoms has not been isolatedB.A patient suffering from lung inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not

30、 respond to any known treatmentsC.A patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remain unidentifiedD.A patient infected with a variety of bacteria that is known to cause two diseases with dissimilar symptomsE.A case of a patient with symptoms that may hav

31、e arisen from two known diseases of different sourcesHitherto, there is no evidence yet that would definitively prove whether or not some dinosaurs were warm-blooded, but scientists have begun to investigate oxygen isotopic abundances in the annual growth bands of teeth or bones of high Line latitud

32、e, hence seasonally influenced, terrestrial dinosaurs. The ratio of oxygen isotopes depends on temperature, and an absence of seasonal variations in oxygen 18a heavy version of the common oxygen 16 atomwould strongly suggest that the animals maintained a constant internal temperatures. Such a findin

33、g would not, however, constitute “proof“ that dinosaurs were warm blooded, as there are external mechanisms that cold-blooded animals employ to regulate body temperatures and thereby influence metabolic rates. More nettlesome is that proof would have to come from discovery of intact dinosaur remains

34、 in which the soft tissue had not been replaced or altered, and from which the biomolecules responsible for thermoregulation could be extracted identified and characterized. Such a proof is unlikely, as it would require an almost impossible level of preservation over 65 million years, plus the adven

35、t of biotechnology that does not yet exist.（分数：-1.00）(1).The authors primary purpose is to_.（分数：-0.25）A.answer a theoretical question in the field of dinosaur thermoregulationB.discuss the current state of research in the field of dinosaur thermoregulationC.resolve a dispute in the field of dinosaur

36、 thermoregulation researchD.predict a future crisis in the field of dinosaur thermoregulation researchE.suggest some of the possible benefits of a technique in dinosaur thermoregulation research(2).According to the passage, the most severe problem currently facing scientists in conclusively determin

37、ing whether certain dinosaurs were warm-blooded is_.（分数：-0.25）A.proving that thermoregulation is the primary means by which metabolic rates are influencedB.developing a way of distinguishing between oxygen 18 and oxygen 16C.showing that an absence of seasonal variation in oxygen 16 implies a constan

38、t internal temperatureD.finding a sample of dinosaur tissue which has survived 65 million years in a relatively intact formE.determining which species of dinosaurs were most likely to be warm-blooded, and focusing research there(3).The passage suggests which of the following about the hypothetical d

39、iscovery of an absence of seasonal variations in oxygen 18 molecules? . It would not prove that certain dinosaurs were capable of regulating their temperatures internally. . One likely source of such a discovery would come from annual growth bands of dinosaur teeth. . The fact that no biotechnology

40、yet exists to elucidate thermoregulation biochemistry proves such a discovery is impossible. . The discovery would be profound, because oxygen 18 is only found in fossil records where there is seasonal variation. （分数：-0.25）A. and onlyB. and onlyC. and onlyD.and onlyE., , and only(4).The author refer

41、s to “external mechanisms“ primarily in order to_.（分数：-0.25）A.suggest that a biochemical analysis of dinosaur thermoregulation might be a waste of timeB.suggest that other means than warm-bloodedness may account for evidence of dinosaur thermoregulationC.explain why scientists are interested in look

42、ing for an absence of seasonal variations in oxygen 18 tracesD.suggest that metabolic rates, not warm-bloodedness, may have been the key factor in certain dinosaurs survivalE.imply that other factors beside temperature may dictate the ratio of oxygen isotopes四、SECTION 3(总题数：9，分数：9.00)8.GRAIN :CHAFF:

43、 :（分数：1.00）A.product: drossB.seed: pipC.refresher: dregsD.maize :coreE.composite: adulteration9.STORY: MIME : :（分数：1.00）A.quack: falsehoodB.jest: enigmaC.word: charadeD.direction: signalE.geometry: sign10.DISINGENUOUS: MISLEAD : :（分数：1.00）A.acquisitive: repelB.adventurous: advertC.noxious: offendD.a

44、uspicious: petitionE.pompous: reject11.SPEAK: DRAWL : :（分数：1.00）A.eat: sipB.run: canterC.lament: sighD.gain: coverE.look: glance12.PHILOSOPHY: METAPHYSICS : :（分数：1.00）A.zoology: herpetologyB.pink: redC.light: brillianceD.bird: penguinE.fragrance: nature13.VALOR: COWARDICE : :（分数：1.00）A.decadence: fe

45、rvorB.audacity: perseveranceC.superficiality: naivetyD.mendacity: honestyE.benevolence: gorgeousness14.ZEAL: FANATIC : :（分数：1.00）A.concentration: chemistB.eloquence: politicianC.prodigality: spendthriftD.indifference: acrobatE.enmity: philanthropist15.CENSORSHIP: INFORMATION : :（分数：1.00）A.exemplific

46、ation: standardB.quarantine: diseaseC.benefaction: liberalityD.expenditure: expressionE.culture: extinction16.SCHOOL: FISH : :（分数：1.00）A.television: programsB.pride: lionsC.committee: organizationD.fowl: birdsE.corral: livestock五、SECTION 4(总题数：11，分数：11.00)17.PERSEVERANCE:（分数：1.00）A.lack of rapidityB

47、.irregular peaceC.incidence of eventsD.termination of attemptE.clear misery18.FLEDGLING:（分数：1.00）A.alert audienceB.championC.reticent assistantD.seasoned practitionerE.newly transformed person19.HALLMARK:（分数：1.00）A.untypical characteristicB.premature occasionC.unlucky eventD.serious problemE.worthle

48、ss item20.IMMEDIATE:（分数：1.00）A.exhaustingB.manifoldC.prospectiveD.complicatedE.inadequate21.FORESTALL:（分数：1.00）A.extendB.precipitateC.vacillateD.proclaimE.stabilize22.PRECARIOUS:（分数：1.00）A.firmly groundedB.intelligentC.nervousD.plannedE.current23.CARDINAL:（分数：1.00）A.indefinableB.diminutiveC.understatedD.inconsequentialE.intangible24.FETID:（分数：1.00）A.fragrantB.thickC.originalD.balancedE.glowing25.EXHAUSTIVE:（分数：1.00）A.waveringB.livelyC.protectedD.brawnyE.incomprehensive26.QUIESCENCE:（分数：1.00）A.dubiousnessB.rudenessC.quick descentD.firm beliefE.uneasy event27.OBSTINACY:（分数：1.00）A.art