【考研类试卷】2012年中南大学考博英语真题试卷及答案解析.doc

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1、2012 年中南大学考博英语真题试卷及答案解析(总分：134.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.The ratio of the work done by machine_the work done on it is called the efficiency of the machine.（分数：2.00）A.againstB.toC.forD.with2.There can be no collapse in the property market because sellers have a real _to s

2、ell if they cant make last years prices.（分数：2.00）A.reluctanceB.recommendationC.manipulationD.justification3.Although any destruction of vitamins caused by food irradiation could be_the use of diet supplements, there may be no protection from carcinogens that some fear might be introduced into foods

3、by the process.（分数：2.00）A.attributed toB.counterbalanced byC.inferred fromD.stimulated by4.The rose may grow as low bush or as a tree, _.（分数：2.00）A.to depend on how to pruneB.depending on how to pruneC.depends on how it is prunedD.depending on how it is pruned5.The Chisos Mountains in Big Bend Natio

4、nal Park in Texas were created by volcanic eruption that occurred_.（分数：2.00）A.the area in which dinosaurs roamedB.when dinosaurs roamed the areaC.did dinosaurs roam the areaD.dinosaurs roaming the area6.Her 30-year study of the Gombe National Park chimpanzees is the largest continuous field project

5、ever recorded. It has made her and the chimpanzees a living_, earning her honorary degree, doctorates and wildlife conservation awards all over the world.（分数：2.00）A.legendB.specimenC.maximumD.document7.A century ago the physicians word was_: to doubt it was considered almost sacrilegious.（分数：2.00）A.

6、inevitableB.intractableC.objectiveD.incontrovertible8.Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by “drugs“ that arent really drugs at all _sugar pills that contains no active chemical elements.（分数：2.00）A.or ratherB.but ratherC.rather thanD.other than9.In the popular Western imagina

7、tion, India continues to be a country in backwardness and poverty with little to show_scientific innovation or technological achievement.（分数：2.00）A.by way ofB.in gratitude toC.in contact withD.for want of10.There is hardly a generalization that can be made about peoples social behavior and the value

8、s informing it that cannot be_ from one or another point of view, or even dismissed as simplistic or vapid.（分数：2.00）A.defendedB.intuitedC.haranguedD.challenged11.Written to be performed on a_, Thornton Wilders play Our Town depicts life in small New England community.（分数：2.00）A.stage scenery of bare

9、B.stage bare of sceneryC.scenery bare of stageD.bare of stage scenery12.The senators attempt to convince the public that he is not interested in running for a second term is _given the extremely public fund-raising activities of his campaign committee.（分数：2.00）A.futileB.sincereC.speciousD.disingenuo

10、us13.That she seemed to prefer dabbling to concentrated effort is undeniable; nevertheless, the impressive quality of her finished paintings suggests that her actual relationship to her art was anything but_.（分数：2.00）A.superficialB.passionateC.disengagedD.lighthearted14.So much of modern fiction in

11、the United States is autobiographical, and so much of the autobiography fictionalized, that the_sometimes seem largely interchangeable.（分数：2.00）A.authorsB.misapprehensionsC.intentionsD.genres15.The first explorer_California by land was Jedediah Strong Smith, a trapper who crossed the southwestern de

12、serts of the United States in 1826.（分数：2.00）A.that he destinedB.to reachC.had stretchedD.who approached16.Not surprisingly, people in the northern part of the country, where the work ethic and the climate push the pace of life ever upward, _permanently in the fast lane.（分数：2.00）A.concedeB.resideC.li

13、ckD.wrest17.Although biological methods of pest control are now available to committed organic gardeners, there are few of us who never need to_tile use of chemicals.（分数：2.00）A.resort toB.refer toC.size upD.pick up18.The philosopher claimed that a person who must consciously overcome his or her own

14、indifference before helping another is behaving more nobly than one whose basic disposition allows such an act to be performed without_.（分数：2.00）A.commentB.enthusiasmC.duplicityD.deliberation19.The prevailing union of passionate interest in detailed facts with equal devotion to abstract generalizati

15、on is a hallmark of our present society; in the past this union appeared, at best, _and as if by chance.（分数：2.00）A.intuitionallyB.sporadicallyC.cyclicallyD.opportunely20.The skeleton of a primitive bird that was recently discovered indicated that this ancient creature _todays birds in that, unlike e

16、arlier birds and unlike reptilian ancestors, it had not a tooth in its head.（分数：2.00）A.obscuredB.preemptedC.foreshadowedD.anticipated二、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Planning is a very important activity in our lives yet really sophisticated. It can give pleasure, even excitement, 【C1】_cause quite severe head

17、aches. The more significant the task【C2】_is, the more careful the planning requires. Getting to school or to work on time is a task requiring【C3】_or no planning, and it is almost a【C4】_. Meanwhile when you luckily to enjoy a months touring holiday【C5】_, or better【C6】_, getting married, it would a di

18、fferent matter altogether. It the【C7】_involves a church wedding, with fifty guests, a reception, a honeymoon in Venice, and【C8】_to a new home, this requires even more planning to make【C9】_that it is successful. Planning is our way of trying to ensure success and【C10】_avoiding costly failures we cann

19、ot afford. It is【C11】_essential and fundamental to mankind as a【C12】_, to individual nations, to families and single people; the【C13】_may vary, but the【C14】_of importance does not. In essence, a nation planning its resources and【C15】_does not differ from the【C16】_weekly shopping or monthly household

20、 budget.【C17】_are designed to ensure an adequate supply of essentials,【C18】_a rate of spending within the limits of【C19】_, and if properly carried out, will【C10】_shortages, wastage and over-expenditure.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.on the endB.orC.testD.more or less(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.arrangementB.asi

21、deC.aheadD.above(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.plentyB.fewerC.littleD.utmost(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.assignmentB.burdenC.endeavorD.routine(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.onboardB.abroadC.alienD.facticity(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.moreB.otherwiseC.stillD.moreover(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.latterB.holidayC.previouslyD.substance(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.a

22、ttendingB.grippingC.returningD.staying(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.considerB.sureC.vibrantD.known(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.ofB.forC.withD.between(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.equallyB.mainlyC.virtuallyD.utterly(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.wholeB.matterC.integrationD.fact(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.scaleB.scopeC.extentD.range(14).【C14】（分数

23、：2.00）A.heightB.degreeC.depthD.grade(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.proceduresB.processesC.needsD.requirements(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.popularC.regularD.familiar(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.SomeB.AllC.BothD.Many(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.withB.atC.beforeD.at(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.productionB.wageC.incomeD.property(20).【C

24、20】（分数：2.00）A.avoidB.keepC.solveD.cause三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：40.00)The miserable fate of Enrons employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost

25、 virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. Its the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacio

26、us promise of the 20th century. The promise was assured economic security even comfort essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of

27、 daily living since caveman days lack of food warmth, shelter would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly(Social Security in the U. S.). Labor unions promise

28、d not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility in some cases the promise of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions. The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself,

29、 a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the average persons stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately Im on my own. Now it became, ultimately Ill be taken care of. The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale c

30、ame in the 1980s. U. S business had become uncompetitive, globally and began restructuring massively, with huge layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT a pH value of 7 represents a neutral value, and 7. 4 is t

31、he pH value of the human tear. The pH ratio must be regularly monitored to ensure a consistent optimum ram one usually kept within the spectrum of 7 to 8 as measured by a reliable pH measuring kit. As the chemicals in chlorine complete their reactions, they break down and are no longer effective in

32、keeping the pool water neutralized. Additional chlorine must be added to water at specific times. Outdoor pools that are in direct sunlight need to have water added more often because the chemical reaction time for chlorine is increased and its effectiveness is reduced in these conditions. Since the

33、 hypochlorite ion is an especially potent chemical capable of fading fabrics and paint, most people are meticulous about rinsing chlorine from potentially affected areas. Although chlorine is inexpensive and widely available, some people find the bleach smell to be repugnant and the distinct aroma p

34、resent at many swimming pools to be overwhelming. These people may not be able to enjoy aquatic pursuits in those pools that employ chlorine as a cleansing agent. Other people may find that inhaling chlorine at the high levels present around some pools may be difficult to tolerate. Still others may

35、experience skin irritation after swimming in a pool containing chlorine. Although there are other chemicals and compounds available to clean swimming pools, they may be prohibitively expensive or incapable of killing all types of bacteria present in the water.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage,

36、a stable pH value in pool water is dependent upon which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.Monitoring and adding chlorine when warranted.B.Ensuring that there is only a minimum amount of bacteria in the water.C.Paying close attention to the reactions of chemicals in the pool water.D.Ensuring that water is

37、protected from direct sunlight.(2).The authors primary purpose is to_.（分数：2.00）A.offer an unbiased opinion of chlorines efficacyB.provide an argument for using chlorineC.discuss the chemical reaction taking place within a poolD.show how chlorine can keep pool water safe(3).Based on the passage, whic

38、h statement is probably NOT true of chlorine?（分数：2.00）A.It can be harmful if swallowed.B.Occasional high levels in pool water arc probably not harmful.C.It can kill most common types of pool water bacteria.D.A pools size will dictate the amount needed.(4).The author includes the information about th

39、e pH of human tears mainly to_.（分数：2.00）A.give the reader a base of referenceB.personalize the passage to enhance interestC.provide a visual image for the readerD.answer the readers anticipated question(5).All of the following statements are true about chlorine EXCEPT that_.（分数：2.00）A.chlorines effi

40、cacy is affected by sunlightB.chlorine is made up of two chemicals: hypochlorous acid and hypochlorine ionC.chlorine is usually said to be malodorousD.chlorine levels must be routinely assessed in pool waterFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar cons

41、tant energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With th

42、e advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Suns output without being impeded by the Earths atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), has been measuring the Suns output since February 1980. Although a malfun

43、ction in the satellites control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuttle in 1984. Maxs observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellites instruments have detected frequent, sm

44、all variations in the Suns energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Suns mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Suns disk. Su

45、nspots are relatively dark regions on the Suns surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Suns surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, fo

46、r example, Solar Maxs instruments registered 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earths surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determin

47、e. Although Solar Maxs data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Suns output, some scientists have thought that the satellites aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by

48、 comparing Solar Maxs observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASAs Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：8.00）(1).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive

49、more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earths atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(2).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Maxs instruments were getting old.C.The space shutt