[考研类试卷]考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷10及答案与解析.doc

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1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 10 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchron

2、ized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.【F2】The k

3、ind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attentionthat aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive free floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation,

4、 the range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels sensitivity to novelty is increased.【F3】The organism is more awake more vigilant, this in

5、creased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention to its direction. Arousal is at first general with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually

6、the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in thigh these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits

7、the integration of details with perceived ends purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing.【F4】Although in both kinds

8、of animal arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought a

9、s we know it but the animal does experience something like it.The predator is searchingly aggressive inner directed, used by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. The large ma

10、mmal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds and yesterdays unforgotten lessons. The herbivore bray is of a different mind.【F5】Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy inst

11、ead of anticipating are silk thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushi

12、ng the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters“ in the human body.【F1】The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable, the completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the

13、workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology.But the race itself, between the governments Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.Now the race is over. Af

14、ter years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins(and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side)and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold

15、a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over(sort of), that both sides had won(kind of)and that the hostilities were resolved(for the time being).No one is exactly sure how things will be different now.【F2】Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machin

16、es any time soonthe “finish lines“ each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, “first drafts“ rather than the definitive version.【F3】And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than theyve been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to

17、 take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up this February when Britains Wellcome Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGPs complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do.“ But by spring, there were th

18、e first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors,“ Venter told Newsweek in March, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.“【F4】At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each others approaches, and expressed hope that all of the sci

19、entists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Mondays joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.

20、“【F5 】With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 In studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several districts, and the

21、ir prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-reiterated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture.【F1】But, while giving full importance to the evidence bearing on t

22、hese standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unwary student.【F2 】Of course, the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom. But to a great extent it is not so.

23、That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men turning into beastsall this is grou

24、nd for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in mens minds by efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic.【F3】This may seem at the first glance a truism, but, in fact, it is the denial of a fallacy

25、which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority of mankind. Popularly, what everybody says must be true, what everybody does must be right.【F4】There are various topics where even the educated people can hardly be brought to see that the cause why men do hold an opinion, or practi

26、se a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to do so. Now collections of ethnographic evidence, bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usages, are peculiarly liable to be thus improperly used in direct d

27、efense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas.As it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and beliefs thus set up to prove their own objective truth, without proper

28、examination of the grounds on which they were actually received.【F5 】I take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat, and night-mare the visit of a demon.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14

29、 【F4】15 【F5】15 “Ive never met a human worth cloning,“ says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the we

30、ather, and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is, rates of birth, death, and migrat

31、ion which depend strongly on population density.【F2 】The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters, with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses, but it can c

32、ause problems if taken too literally. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death, and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effe

33、cts, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease without bound(barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly).【F3】Put another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes, and only one percent from

34、 factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine the long-term average population density.In order to understand the nature of the ecologist

35、s investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act

36、 to produce noise in the population dynamics.【F4 】For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown.【F5】For irregularly

37、fluctuating populations, we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.21 【F1】22 【F2】

38、23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】25 In the next century well be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms.【F1】When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, “Had I the right, for my own

39、 benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?“ Will such questions require us to develop new moral philosophies?Probably not. Instead, well reach again for a time tested moral concept, one sometimes called the Golden Rule and which Kant, the millenniums most prudent moralist, conjured

40、 up into a categorical imperative:【F2】Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an individual rather than as a means to some end.【F3】Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans ends and

41、valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right. We should also draw a line, however fuzzy, that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an in

42、dividual(IQ, physical appearance, gender and sexuality).The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families.【F4 】Bu

43、t the state will have an important role, making sure that no one, including insurance companies, can look at our genetic data without our permission or use it to discriminate against us.【F5】Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology

44、is comparable to mapping our genes: plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we might someday be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to re

45、plicate our own minds in a “dry ware“ machine, so that we could live on without the “wet ware“ of a biological brain and body. The 20th centurys revolution in info-technology will thereby merge with the 21st centurys revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Lets turn the page now an

46、d get back to real science.26 【F1】27 【F2】28 【F3】29 【F4】30 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 10 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 草原上早期大型哺乳动物智力的发展主要是由于两个生态同步的动物群间的交往，即食肉动物和食草动物。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 越来越聪明的猎食者和越来

47、越机敏的逃跑者之间互动所影响的智力主要是在注意力方面大脑中将意识从这一刻运送到下一刻的方面。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 生物体更清醒更警觉；当生物体对环境更敏感时，不断增强的警惕感会造成对微弱的信号也有反应。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 尽管在两种动物中警觉都会刺激肾上腺产生肾上腺素，但在食草动物中的效果主要是恐惧，而在食肉动物中产生的效果主要是攻击性。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 它十分警觉而不是四处觅食，它平静地等待而不是热切期待。这种如丝般薄的冷静之下隐藏的是强劲的消化系统。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 该项目的科学重要性是毋庸置疑的，

48、完整的基因排序将有望为科学家研究人体的工作原理提供前所未有的启迪，给医学和生物学带来革命。 【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 任何一方都不会很快停止其基因图谱研究双方跨过的“终点线”基本上是武断的，是“ 初稿 ”而不是定稿。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 尽管这次联合宣言使原先的基因组勇士们比几年来任何时候都更为关系密切，但内部人士说：未来大家更可能同意以“协调” 的形式工作，而不是直接的合作。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 在本月初的一次癌症会议上，文特和柯林斯相互称赞彼此的方法，而且表达了希望所有参与人类基因组测序的科学家都能分享功劳的愿望。 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答

49、案】 现在把分歧抛在了背后，或者至少暂时放在了一边，科学家们应该能够开始好好研究这个有趣的问题了：考虑怎样利用那些数据。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 但是，在充分强调这些和社会标准条件相关的证据的同时，我们必须小心谨慎，避免陷入粗心大意的学生常常掉进的陷阱。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 诚然，属于大多数人所共有的观念和习惯在很大程度上是合理的判断和实践智慧的结果。 【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 乍一看，这似乎像是老生常谈，然而事实上，这是对一种谬论的否定：这种谬论深深植根于人类的头脑中，只有一小部分具有批判性思维的人能免受其误导。 【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 对于很多的话题，甚至那些受过教育的人也很难理解，人们持有某种观点、形成某种习俗的原因绝不一定是他们这样做的理由。 【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 因此，我借此机会想说的是，以上这种推理方式同样也可以证明地球是扁的，噩梦是恶魔的来访，并且可以争得许多民族坚决而广泛的认同。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 这种风趣的用来形容克隆人的言辞来自一位富人，他花费数百万美金试图克隆一只 13 岁的名叫密斯的狗。 【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 在研究“克隆密斯项目” 的三年时间里，农业机械大学的团队