BS 3388-2004 Forks shovels and spades - Requirements and test methods《叉子、铁锹和铲 要求和试验方法》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 3388:2004 Forks, shovels and spades Requirements and test methods ICS 53.120 BS 3388:2004 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 26 May 2004 BSI 26 May 2004 First published June 1961 First revision June 1973 Secon

2、d revision May 2004 The following BSI references relate to the work on this British Standard: Committee reference MTE/15/13 Draft for comment 02/714030 DC ISBN 0 580 43727 2 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee

3、 MTE/15, Hand tools, to Subcommittee MTE/15/13, Spanners, screwdrivers, pliers and nippers, upon which the following bodies were represented: Federation of British Hand Tool Manufacturers Ministry of Defence UK Defence Standardization Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS 3388

4、:2004 BSI 26 May 2004 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1S c o p e 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Nomenclature and classification 1 4 Types and dimensions 1 5M a t e r i a l s 2 6 Heat treatment and hardness 2 7 Construction 3 8 Finish 3 9T e s t i n g 3 10 Marking

5、4 11 User information 4 Annex A (normative) Testing of tools 55 Annex B (informative) Guidance on safe use of tools 57 Annex C (informative) Recommendations for storing products with wooden handles 60 Bibliography 61 Figure 1 Nomenclature for forks 5 Figure 2 Nomenclature for typical shovels and spa

6、des 6 Figure 3 Example of a test rig for forks 7 Figure 4 Example of a test rig for shovels and spades 8 Figure 5 Light duty garden fork 9 Figure 6 Light duty square-mouth (open-socket) shovel 10 Figure 7 Light duty garden space (open-socket or fabricated with or without treads) 11 Figure 8 Standard

7、 garden border fork 12 Figure 9 Standard garden fork 13 Figure 10 Standard garden border spade 14 Figure 11 Standard garden digging spade 15 Figure 12 4 prong oval prong agricultural manure fork 16 Figure 13 Agricultural spading or potato fork ribbed back 17 Figure 14 Professional agricultural and c

8、ontractors trenching or plantation fork 18 Figure 15 Professional agricultural and contractors ballast and tarmacadam fork 19 Figure 16 Professional agricultural and contractors Coke fork (12-prong) 20 Figure 17 Strapped general service forged shovel 21 Figure 18 General service (open-socket) shovel

9、 22 Figure 19 General service lightweight infantry shovel (open-socket) 23 Figure 20 Contractors round mouth forged shovel 24 Figure 21 Contractors round mouth (open-socket) shovel 25 Figure 22 Contractors round mouth West Country (open-socket) shovel 26 Figure 23 Contractors round mouth Irish (open

10、-socket) shovel 27 Figure 24 Contractors round mouth miners pit pan shovel (open-socket) 33 Figure 25 Contractors round mouth (open-socket) miners shovel (American pattern) 34BS 3388:2004 ii BSI 26 May 2004 Page Figure 26 Contractors square mouth forged shovel 30 Figure 27 Contractors square mouth (

11、open-socket) shovel 31 Figure 28 Contractors taper mouth forged shovel 32 Figure 29 Contractors forged lip-top spade 33 Figure 30 Contractors all steel draining spade 34 Figure 31 Contractors forged draining tool (Newcastle pattern) 35 Figure 32 Contractors forged grafting spade 36 Figure 33 Contrac

12、tors forged trenching spade 37 Figure 34 Contractors forged cable-laying spade 38 Figure 35 Agricultural forged ditching or rabbiting spade 39 Figure 36 Agricultural forged tree planting or poachers spade 40 Figure 37 Example of a shaped crutch tee hilt 41 Figure 38 Example of a barrel tee hilt 41 F

13、igure 39 Example of a plastics tee hilt 41 Figure 40 Example of a plastics Y-dee hilt 42 Figure 41 Example of a metal Y-dee hilt 42 Figure 42 Examples of wooden Y-dee hilts 43 Figure 43 Method of fixing a shaped crutch tee hilt rectangular tenon (tenon part-way and fixed with waterproof adhesive) 43

14、 Figure 44 Methods of fixing a barrel tee hilt 44 Figure 45 Box dee hilt 45 Figure 46 Typical bevel top sockets 46 Figure 47 Typical lip-top sockets 46 Figure 48 Typical square-top sockets 47 Figure 49 Examples of shaft ends for fitting into various sockets 48 Figure 50 Examples of grips for long kn

15、ob handles 49 Figure 51 Example of a strapped fork 49 Figure 52 Example of a tanged strap and ferrule assembly 50 Figure 53 Example of a solid socket fork 50 Figure 54 Example of square-section prongs 51 Figure 55 Example of diamond-section prongs 51 Figure 56 Example of a strapped shovel or spade 5

16、2 Figure 57 Example of a clip on tread 52 Figure 58 Example of a welded tread 52 Figure 59 Example of turned-back rolled shoulders 53 Figure 60 Example of a welded-on round bar tread 53 Figure 61 Example of a turned-back tread 53 Figure 62 Example of a turned-forward tread 54 Table 1 Component analy

17、sis of steel for prongs and blades of forged tools 2 Table A.1 Test loads for mechanical testing (forks, shovels and spades) and individual time testing (digging forks) 62BS 3388:2004 BSI 26 May 2004 iii Foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee MTE/15/13 and is based on a dra

18、ft submitted by the Federation of British Hand Tool Manufacturers. It supersedes BS 3388:1973, which is withdrawn. The main difficulty in the standardization of forks, shovels and spades is the very strong regional preferences for particular shapes of blade and handle, which has led to the developme

19、nt, over several centuries, of a number of variations of the basic design. Stronger preferences have been recognized and included in the standard and it is hoped that as the work of standardization proceeds, agreement will be reached on the further rationalization of types and sizes, thus leaving a

20、reasonable range of tools covering all fields of general usage which can be manufactured with greater economy. The tools in this edition have been arranged in four performance categories which are given in 3.2. These categories are intended to aid the consumer to select a tool suitable for the task

21、to be performed and they cater for the increasing market in forks, shovels and spades for the domestic user. Furthermore, with customer safety in mind, an annex giving guidance on safe use of the tools included in this British Standard has been added. This publication does not purport to include all

22、 the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 61 and a

23、back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.iv blankBS 3388:2004 BSI 26 May 2004 1 1 Scope This British Standard specifies the dimensions, materials, construction, finish and testing for a range of garden, agricultural and contractors t

24、ools. NOTE Guidance on the safe use of tools is also given in Annex B. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced

25、document (including any amendments) applies. BS 970-1, Specification for wrought steels for mechanical and allied engineering purposes Part 1: General inspection and testing procedures and specific requirements for carbon, carbon manganese, alloy and stainless steels. BS 1449-1, Steel plate, sheet a

26、nd strip Part 1: Carbon and carbon-manganese plate, sheet and strip. BS 3823, Grading of ash and hickory wood handles for hand tools. BS 8020, Tools for live working Insulating hand tools for work on or near conductor rail systems operating at voltages up to 1 000 V a.c. or 1 500 V d.c. BS EN 10216-

27、2, Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes Technical delivery conditions Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties. BS EN 10217-2, Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes Technical delivery conditions Part 2: Electric welded non-alloy and alloy steel

28、tubes with specified elevated temperature properties. BS EN 10296-1, Welded circular steel tubes for mechanical and general engineering purposes Technical delivery conditions Part 1: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes. BS EN 10305-3, Steel tubes for precision applications Technical delivery conditions

29、Part 3: Welded cold sized tubes. BS EN 10305-5, Steel tubes for precision applications Technical delivery conditions Part 5: Welded and cold sized square and rectangular tubes. BS EN 13706 (all parts), Reinforced plastics composites Specifications for pultruded profiles. BS EN ISO 6508-1, Metallic m

30、aterials Rockwell hardness test Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T). 3 Nomenclature and classification 3.1 For the purposes of this British Standard, the nomenclature given in Figure 1 and Figure 2 applies. 3.2 Tools shall be classified according to their usage as a result o

31、f testing in accordance with Annex A into the following categories: a) light duty garden tools; b) standard garden tools (covering both domestic and professional gardener use); c) professional and agricultural tools; d) contractors tools. An example of a test rig for forks is shown in Figure 3 and a

32、n example of a test rig for shovels and spades is shown in Figure 4. 4 Types and dimensions The various types and dimensions, with a tolerance of 10 mm unless otherwise stated, of garden, agricultural and contractors tools are detailed in Figure 5 to Figure 36. The dimensions of wooden handled tools

33、 shall conform to Figure 5 to Figure 36. Optional variations to the range of tools are shown in Figure 37 to Figure 62. NOTE The dimensions of handles and sockets may vary depending upon the handle materials used.BS 3388:2004 2 BSI 26 May 2004 5 Materials 5.1 General The prongs of forks and blades o

34、f shovels and spades shall be manufactured from steel, alloys or plastics. Finished tools shall be tested in accordance with Clause 9 and the performance of the tool in the anticipated range of operating conditions shall not be impaired (in respect of toxicity, tolerance of climate variations and th

35、e effects of oil, grease and sunlight). NOTE 1 The handles of tools are traditionally made of wood, but other materials such as light alloy, fibreglass or plastics may be used, see 5.6. NOTE 2 When selecting manufacturing materials for tool prongs and blades, the anticipated range of operating condi

36、tions for the tool should be considered, so the performance of the tool is not impaired. 5.2 Forged forks, shovels and spades The prongs of forged forks and blades of forged shovels and spades shall either be manufactured from steel whose component analysis conforms to Table 1 or steels with hardnes

37、s values in accordance with Clause 6 and that successfully withstand testing in accordance with Clause 9. Table 1 Component analysis of steel for prongs and blades of forged tools 5.3 Open-socket or fabricated tools Heads of open-socket or fabricated tools shall be manufactured from steel conforming

38、 to BS 1449-1. 5.4 Straps and sockets The straps and sockets of tools which are not solid forged shall be manufactured from low carbon steels, i.e. steels containing less than 0.3 % carbon and less than 0.9 % manganese, conforming to BS 1449-1. 5.5 Rivets/fasteners Rivets/fasteners shall be manufact

39、ured from material conforming to BS 1449-1 or BS 970-1. 5.6 Handles Handles of forks, shovels and spades shall be manufactured from one of the following materials: a) graded ash conforming to BS 3823; b) hardwoods conforming to BS 3823; c) tubular steel conforming to BS EN 10296-1, BS EN 10305-3 or

40、BS EN 10305-5 for high tensile steel tubes and BS EN 10216-2 or BS EN 10217-2 for seamless tubes; d) fibreglass reinforced plastics conforming to BS EN 13706 or BS 8020. NOTE 1 When selecting materials for tool handles, the anticipated range of operating conditions for the tool should be considered,

41、 e.g. environmental toxicity, climate variation, and the effects of oil, grease and sunlight. NOTE 2 Users are cautioned that as wood is a natural grown material, it can be inconsistent in performance. 6 Heat treatment and hardness When measured not less than 50 mm from the shoulder, heat-treated un

42、alloyed steel prongs of forks and blades of shovels and spades which have been hardened and tempered shall have a hardness value between 39 HRC and 47 HRC in accordance with BS EN ISO 6508-1. NOTE 1 Corresponding values of Brinell and Rockwell hardness numbers may be used as given in BS 860. NOTE 2

43、The hardness of alloy steels may vary. Non-heat-treated steel tools shall undergo the same testing as heat-treated steel tools. Element Content % Carbon U0.32 Manganese U0.50 Silicon k0.40 Sulfur k0.06 Phosphorus k0.06 Carbon and manganese together U1BS 3388:2004 BSI 26 May 2004 3 7 Construction 7.1

44、 Fully forged tools Fully forged tools shall be constructed with the prongs of forks and the blades of shovels and spades forged integrally with straps, sockets and tangs from a single piece of material. 7.2 Part forged tools Part forged tools shall be constructed with the prongs of forks and the bl

45、ades of shovels and spades either: a) forged and welded to the straps or socket; or b) welded to a forged tang and the tang welded to a socket or straps. 7.3 Fabricated tools Fabricated tools shall have a multi-piece, welded construction. 7.4 Open-socket tools Open-socket tools shall be constructed

46、with the prongs or blades and sockets formed integrally from a single piece of material. 8 Finish 8.1 When inspected visually, the prongs or blades of tools shall be free from scale, cracks and deformations and shall be uniform in shape. 8.2 All sockets and straps shall be smooth (i.e. have a surfac

47、e that is even and regular, free from perceptible lumps, projections, indentations or roughness) and permanently secured (for example, riveted or in the case of fibreglass epoxy glued) to the handles preventing movement of the component parts against each other. The sockets and straps shall be close

48、 fitting and shall have a smooth transition from shaft to socket. Rivets, where used, shall be given a smooth finish. 8.3 Handles shall be in alignment with the shoulders of the prongs or blades (see Figure 1 or Figure 2). NOTE 1 The configurations of handles which are available and handle construction are shown in Figure 37 to Figure 45. NOTE 2 Where handles manufactured from materials other than wood are used, the socket may be shorter than indicated. 8.4 The blades of all spades shall have a sharp working edge. Handles shall have a smooth finish in order to pre