ASTM E942-2016 red 2442 Standard Guide for Investigating the Effects of Helium in Irradiated Metals《辐照金属中氦效应研究用标准指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: E942 96 (Reapproved 2011)E942 16Standard Guide forSimulation Investigating the Effects of Helium Effects inIrradiated Metals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E942; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides advice for conducting experiments to investigate the effects of helium on
3、 the properties of metals wherethe technique for introducing the helium differs in some way from the actual mechanism of introduction of helium in service.Simulation techniques Techniques considered for introducing helium shallmay include charged particle implantation, exposure to-emitting radioisot
4、opes, and tritium decay techniques. Procedures for the analysis of helium content and helium distributionwithin the specimen are also recommended.1.2 TwoThree other methods for introducing helium into irradiated materials are not covered in this guide. They are are: (1) theenhancement of helium prod
5、uction in nickel-bearing alloys by spectral tailoring in mixed-spectrum fission reactors, (2and ) arelated technique that uses a thin layer of NiAl on the specimen surface to inject helium, and (3) isotopic tailoring in both fast andmixed-spectrum fission reactors. These techniques are described in
6、Refs (1-56).2 Dual ion beam techniques (67) for simultaneouslyimplanting helium and generating displacement damage are also not included here. This latter method is discussed in PracticeE521.1.3 In addition to helium, hydrogen is also produced in many materials by nuclear transmutation. In some case
7、s it appears toact synergistically with helium (8-10). The specific impact of hydrogen is not addressed in this guide.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
8、 safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C859 Terminology Relating to N
9、uclear MaterialsE170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and DosimetryE521 Practice for Investigating the Effects of Neutron Radiation Damage Using Charged-Particle IrradiationE706 Master Matrix for Light-Water Reactor Pressure Vessel Surveillance Standards, E 706(0) (Withdrawn 2011)4E910
10、 Test Method for Application and Analysis of Helium Accumulation Fluence Monitors for Reactor Vessel Surveillance,E706 (IIIC)3. Terminology3.1 Descriptions of relevant terms are found in Terminology C859 and Terminology E170.4. Significance and Use4.1 Helium is introduced into metals as a consequenc
11、e of nuclear reactions, such as (n, ), or by the injection of helium intometals from the plasma in fusion reactors. The characterization of the effect of helium on the properties of metals using direct1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applications
12、and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.08 onProcedures for Neutron Radiation Damage Simulation.Current edition approved June 15, 2011Dec. 1, 2016. Published July 2011January 2017. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20032011 asE942 96 (2011).(2003). DOI: 10.1
13、520/E0942-96R11.10.1520/E0942-16.2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this guide.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information,
14、refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to th
15、e previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright A
16、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1irradiation methods may be impractical because of the time required to perform the irradiation or the lack of a radiation facility,as in the case of the fusion reactor. Simulation techniques can ac
17、celerate the research by identifying and isolating major effectscaused by the presence of helium. The word simulationsimulationis used here in a broad sense to imply an approximation of therelevant irradiation environment. There are many complex interactions between the helium produced during irradi
18、ation and otherirradiation effects, so care must be exercised to ensure that the effects being studied are a suitable approximation of the real effect.By way of illustration, details of helium introduction, especially the implantation temperature, may determine the subsequentdistribution of the heli
19、um (that is, dispersed atomistically, in small clusters in bubbles, etc.)etc.).5. Techniques for Introducing Helium5.1 Implantation of Helium Using Charged Particle Accelerators:5.1.1 Summary of MethodCharged particle accelerators are designed to deliver well defined, intense beams of monoenergeticp
20、articles on a target. They thus provide a convenient, rapid, and relatively inexpensive means of introducing large concentrationsof helium into thin specimens. An energetic alpha particle impinging on a target loses energy by exciting or ionizing the targetatoms, or both, and by inelastic collisions
21、 with the target atom nuclei. Particle ranges for a variety of materials can be obtainedfrom tabulated range tables (7-10-1114) or calculated using a Monte Carlo code such as SRIM (15).5.1.1.1 To obtain a uniform concentration of helium through the thickness of a sample, it is necessary to vary the
22、energy of theincident beam, rock the sample (126), or, more commonly, to degrade the energy of the beam by interposing a thin sheet or wedgeof material ahead of the target.The range of monoenergetic particles is described by a Gaussian distribution around the mean range.This range straggling provide
23、s a means of implanting uniform concentrations through the thickness of a specimen bysuperimposing the Gaussian profiles that result from beam energy degradation of different thicknesses of material. The uniformityof the implant depends on the number of superpositions. Charged particle beams have di
24、mensions of the order of a few millimetresso that some means of translating the specimen in the beam or of rastering the beam across the specimen must be employed touniformly implant specimens of the size required for tensile or creep tests. The rate of helium deposition is usually limited by thehea
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