ASTM E2286-2008 Standard Guide for Examination of Dry Seal Impressions.pdf
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1、Designation: E 2286 08Standard Guide forExamination of Dry Seal Impressions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used byforensic document examiners (Guide E 444) for examinationsand comparisons involving dry seal devices
3、 and their impres-sions.1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-tion(s) and comparison(s) is of questioned and known items orof exclusively questioned items.1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiencyof the material available for examination.1.4 The particular methods
4、employed in a given case willdepend upon the nature and sufficiency of the material avail-able for examination.1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of particularlyunusual or uncommon examinations.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
5、 use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic DocumentExaminersE 1658 Termi
6、nology for Expressing Conclusions of Foren-sic Document ExaminersE 1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE 2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-tioned Documents3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms in this guide, referto Terminology E 1658, Terminology E 1732,
7、and TerminologyE 2195.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dry seal, na non-inked mechanical device whichembosses a design on paper.3.2.2 embossment variation, nnon-uniformity of the dryseal impression on the paper stock. It can be caused by themanner of application or by defects
8、 in the dry seal.3.2.3 impression, nan image formed by pressure.4. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge and experience in thefield of forensic document examination. By following theseprocedures, a forensic document examiner can
9、reliably reachan opinion concerning whether two or more dry seal impres-sions have a common origin, or if a dry seal impression wascreated by a specific dry seal device.5. Interferences5.1 Items submitted for examination may have inherentlimitations that can interfere with the procedures in this gui
10、de.Limitations should be noted and recorded.5.2 Limitations can be due to submission of non-originaldocuments, limited quantity or comparability, or condition ofthe items submitted for examination (for example, distortedimpressions, partially imprinted impressions, or variations insurface texture).
11、Such features are taken into account in thisguide.5.3 The results of prior storage, handling, testing, or chemi-cal processing (for example, for latent prints) may interferewith the ability of the examiner to see certain characteristics.The effects can include, but are not limited to, flattening of
12、theembossment or impression, partial destruction of the paper, andstains. Whenever possible, document examinations should beconducted prior to any chemical processing. Items should behandled appropriately to avoid compromising subsequent ex-aminations.5.4 Consideration should be given to the possibi
13、lity that adry seal device can be manufactured which duplicates theimpressions of another dry seal.6. Equipment and Requirements6.1 Appropriate light source(s) of sufficient intensity toallow fine detail to be distinguished.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicScien
14、ces and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on QuestionedDocuments.Current edition approved May 15, 2008. Published June 2008. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E 228607.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontac
15、t ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1Natural light, inc
16、andescent or fluorescent sources, or fiberoptic lighting systems are generally utilized. Transmitted illumination,side lighting, and vertical incident lighting have been found useful.6.2 Magnification sufficient to allow fine detail to be distin-guished.6.3 Other apparatus as appropriate.6.4 Imaging
17、 or other equipment for recording observationsas required.6.5 Sufficient time and facilities to complete all applicableprocedures.7. Procedure7.1 Perform all procedures when applicable and note eachwhen appropriate. These procedures do not have to be per-formed in the order given.7.2 Document the ex
18、aminations performed, the relevantobservations, and the results.7.3 At various points in these procedures, a determinationthat a particular feature is not present or that an item is lackingin quality or comparability can indicate that the examinershould discontinue or limit the procedure(s). It is a
19、t thediscretion of the examiner to discontinue the procedure at thatpoint and report accordingly or to continue with the applicableprocedures to the extent possible. Document the reasons forsuch a decision.7.4 Determine whether the submitted questioned impres-sion(s) were produced by a dry seal devi
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