ASTM D4025-2018 Standard Practice for Reporting Results of Examination and Analysis of Deposits Formed from Water for Subsurface Injection.pdf

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1、Designation: D4025 08a (Reapproved 2013)D4025 18Standard Practice forReporting Results of Examination and Analysis of DepositsFormed from Water for Subsurface Injection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4025; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofor

2、iginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice covers the manner in which the various r

3、esults of examination and analysis to determine the composition ofdeposits formed from water for subsurface injection are to be reported.1.2 All analyses shall be made in accordance with the test methods of ASTM, unless otherwise specified.NOTE 1While reporting of inorganic constituents in water-for

4、med deposits as specified in Test Methods Practice D4412D933 is sufficient for certainindustries, this practice provides for the reporting of organic and biological materials as well as inorganic constituents.NOTE 2Consistent with practices in industries where subsurface injection of water is practi

5、ced, reporting includes specifying of inorganic constituentsas probable molecular combinations of the species for which analyses are performed.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purp

6、ort to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This internatio

7、nal standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee

8、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D887 Practices for Sampling Water-Formed DepositsD932 Practice for Filamentous Iron Bacteria in Water and Water-Formed DepositsD933 Practice for Reporting Results of Examination and Analysis of Water-Formed DepositsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD4412

9、Test Methods for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Water and Water-Formed DepositsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions: For definitions of terms used in this practice, reference should be made to Termin

10、ology D1129 andPractice D887.3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D1129 and Practices D887.4. History of Sample4.1 Information regarding the source and history of the sample shall be included in the report of the analysis. This informationshould be that supplied

11、 by the individual submitting the sample as follows:4.1.1 Name of company supplying the sample,4.1.2 Name of location of plant, facility, and well,4.1.3 Date and time of sampling,4.1.4 Number of sample,1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct respons

12、ibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents in Water.Current edition approved June 1, 2013May 1, 2018. Published July 2013May 2018. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 asD4025 08a.D4025 08a (2013). DOI: 10.1520/D4025-08AR13.10.1520/D4025-18.2 For refe

13、rencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide t

14、he user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the stand

15、ard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.5 Name and other designation of equipment from whi

16、ch sample was removed,4.1.6 Precise location from which sample was removed,4.1.7 Operating temperature and pressure of water or brine at location of deposit,4.1.8 Type of treatment applied to the water that formed the deposit,4.1.9 An account of system operating conditions that may have contributed

17、to deposition (for example, filter channeling,chemical pump outage, or increased system temperature),4.1.10 Appearance and extent of deposit prior to removal,4.1.11 Exact method that was used in removing the sample and notes concerning any contamination that might have occurredduring the process,4.1

18、.12 Specific methods used for preservation of sample prior to and subsequent to removal,4.1.13 Results of field tests made on the sample or related equipment,4.1.14 An analysis of the water from which the deposit was formed, and4.1.15 Identity of sampler.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice sets

19、 down the manner in which data obtained from other test methods should be reported. This is done in aneffort to standardize the report form used.6. Physical Characteristics6.1 The macroscopic characteristics of the sample, as ascertained by the analyst, including any peculiarities that may bepertine

20、nt to the results of the examination, shall be included in the report.NOTE 3Characteristics such as the following may be recorded: color, form (scaly, slimy, etc.), texture (oily, smooth, friable, gritty, etc.), magneticproperties (as determined by test with magnet), and apparent structure (amorphou

21、s, crystalline, columnar crystals).NOTE 4Any discrepancies between the physical characteristics observed by the analyst and those reported by the sampler should be noted.6.2 Characteristics observed during microscopic examination shall be reported and include a description of the grosscharacteristic

22、s and homogeneity or heterogeneity of the sample.6.3 Any distinct observable crystal morphology such as monoclinic, rhombic, etc., shall be reported.NOTE 5Specific note of the presence of any biological material in the sample should be made.7. Determinations to Be Reported7.1 The major headings for

23、which determinations shall be reported in a complete analysis are as indicated in Table 1. Specificdeterminations which shall be reported under some of the major headings are listed in Tables 2-4. In certain instances, knowledgeof the operating practices and water chemistry will have suggested the n

24、eed to perform additional analyses or indicated the needfor a less complete analysis; consequently, results from determinations may not be reported for each individual item.8. Reporting of Biological Components8.1 The results of examinations conducted to determine the presence of microorganisms in t

25、he sample, such as those delineatedby Test Method Practice D932 and Practice Test Methods D4412, shall be reported. The organisms present should be identifiedby phyla with the relative abundance noted.TABLE 1 Major Headings for Determinations to Be ReportedMicrobiological examinationMoisture and vol

26、atile materialSolvent-extractable components:Fluorocarbon-extractablesWater-solublesAcid-solublesSolvent-insolublesLoss at 900CAshInorganic componentsD4025 182NOTE 6In the absence of quantitative measurements, the microbiological constituents may be grouped as major, minor, and trace. In categorizin

27、g theconstituents, the qualitative nature of the examination and the subjective appraisal of its proportion must be considered.NOTE 7The results of the examination should be qualified on the basis of any known or suspected effects related to sample handling prior to or duringanalysis likely to influ

28、ence the validity.9. Reporting of Chemical Analyses9.1 The major headings under which chemical analysis determination shall be reported are moisture and volatile material,solvent-extractable components, loss at 900C, ash, and inorganic components.9.2 All data shall be reported as weight percent both

29、 on an as-received basis and on a dry weight basis, with the exception ofwater and volatile material, which shall be reported on an as-received basis only.9.3 The loss at 105C shall be reported as the moisture and volatile material content of the sample.TABLE 2 Acid-Soluble Portion Ions to Be Report

30、edInorganic materials:calcium carbonatemagnesium sulfidebarium sulfateiron phosphatesodium hydroxide Aoxide AOrganic materialsA These ions are determined by difference. The specific ion reported is determinedby direct evidence or in absence of such evidence as hydroxide.TABLE 3 AshCommon Constituent

31、s to Be Reportedcalcium zincmagnesium sodiumbarium potassiumstrontium phosphateiron sulfatealuminum chloridesiliconmanganeseTABLE 4 Common Inorganic Components Found inWater-Formed Deposits and Their Ksp ValuesInorganicMaterial KspTemperature,C ReferenceAl(OH)3 1.3 10 33 1825 ABaCO3 2.6 10 9 25 BBa3

32、(PO4)2 3.4 10 23 1825 ABaSO4 1.1 10 10 25 BCaCO3 4.9 10 9 25 BCa(OH)2 4.7 10 6 25 BCa3(PO4)2 2.1 10 33 25 BCaSO4 7.1 10 5 25 BFeCO3 3.1 10 11 25 BFe2O3 1.1 10 36 18 BFe(OH)3 2.6 10 39 25 BFePO42H2O 9.9 10 29 25 BSrCO3 5.6 10 10 25 BSr3(PO4)2 4.0 10 28 1825 ASrSO4 3.4 10 7 25 BZnCO3 1.2 10 10 25 BZn(

33、OH)2 6.8 10 17 25 BZnS 2.2 10 25 25 BNa2CO3NaClNa2SO4SSiO2Other siliceousmaterialA Langes Handbook of Chemistry, Dean, J. A., Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 13thEdition, pp. 57 to 512.B Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber Co.,1991, pp. 839.D4025 1839.4 Reporting of solv

34、ent-extractable materials shall be divided into organic solvent extractables, water-solubles, acid-extractables, and solvent insolubles.9.4.1 The organic solvent-extractable constituents shall be reported in terms of the generic nature of the extracted material.When the extractable portion of the de

35、posit comprises greater than 10 % on a dry weight basis of the deposit, more specificidentification of its composition is advised.NOTE 8A fluorocarbon refrigerant is the preferred organic solvent for such extractions. Where another solvent such as toluene, hexane, chloroform,or carbon tetrachloride

36、is used, either in place of, or in addition to the fluorocarbon, the solvent used in and the results of such extractions shall be reported.NOTE 9The generic nature should identify the chemical class to which the material belongs, such as asphaltene, paraffin, amide, phosphate ester, etc.NOTE 10Eleme

37、ntal sulfur will normally be extracted in part by organic solvents. If sulfur is identified in the extract, specific notation of its presenceshall be made.9.4.2 The water-soluble portion of the sample shall be reported. If the water-soluble portion of the sample is in excess of 10 %on a dry weight b

38、asis, determination for sodium, Na +; potassium, K + ; magnesium, Mg +2; calcium, Ca+2; sulfate, SO4 2; andchloride, Cl , shall also be reported.9.4.3 Reporting of the acid-soluble portion shall indicate the total proportion of such components. Results of analyses of theacid-soluble portion for ions

39、 and radicals in Table 2 shall also be reported. Where the equivalents of cations exceed the equivalentsof anions, the difference shall be reported as hydroxide or oxide ion. Where there exists evidence from petrographic examination,X-ray analysis, or other direct analyses that either is specificall

40、y present in the sample, such evidence shall be reflected in thereported acid-soluble components. Otherwise, the difference shall be reported as hydroxide ion.NOTE 11It is recommended practice to use 15 % hydrochloric acid (1 + 7) in the determination of the acid-soluble content. In some cases, howe

41、ver,the history of the sample may indicate a preference for use of another acid. In either case, the type of acid used and its concentration shall be noted.NOTE 12Where significant discrepancies exist between the total acid-soluble portion and the inorganic materials identified, due regard must be g

42、ivento identification of the presence of acid-soluble organic constituents.9.5 The loss at 900C shall be reported. This determination is generally indicative of the decomposition of organic components;however, the determination will also include loss of combined water.NOTE 13Recognition should be ma

43、de of the fact that the process of heating to 900C results in the conversion of certain inorganic salts. For example,hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides are converted to oxides.9.6 The total ash shall be reported with the constituents listed in Table 3 specified.9.7 The inorganic constituents ident

44、ified in an analysis shall be reported both as their common ionic species and also in termsof probable molecular combinations listed in Table 4. For convenience of calculation, the ionic species may also be reported asequivalents.9.7.1 The probable mineral composition shall be determined by associat

45、ion of ions on an equivalent basis so as to form thecompound having the lowest Ksp (based on stability constant of metal complexes) value. After complete association of one of theions in the first compound is achieved, the association is continued in a manner to form the compound with the next lowes

46、t Kspand so on until all ions are associated. Ksp values for common minerals are also listed in Table 4. Where evidence exists frompetrographic examination, X-ray diffraction, or other direct analyses, such evidence shall override the probable combinations ofions above.NOTE 14The use of Ksp values i

47、n determining probable mineral composition of a deposit should be approached and the results of such considerationsregarded with caution. Conditions under which deposition occurred may be such as to cause major changes in Ksp values and may then substantially alterthe likelihood of a given mineral b

48、eing present in a deposit.10. Completeness and Accuracy of Analysis10.1 The completeness and accuracy of the analysis should be carefully appraised before reporting.10.1.1 The items to be included in a complete report are specified in Table 1. Any listed for which determinations were notobtained sho

49、uld be so indicated.10.1.2 Each determination reported shall be accompanied by indication of the established precision for the methods used.10.1.3 The summation of the determinations of moisture and volatile material, loss at 900C, and ash shall total 100 6 5 % onan as-received basis.10.1.4 The inorganic composition developed should account for 100 6 5 % of the ash content of the sample.NOTE 15In appraising the relationship between ash content and inorganic composition, conversion of certai