ASTM D3918-2011 Standard Terminology Relating to Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Products《有关增强塑料挤拉制品的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D3918 11Standard Terminology Relating toReinforced Plastic Pultruded Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3918; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb

2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These definitions cover terms used in the reinforcedplastics pultrusion industry. In some cases the terms may beidentical to those employed

3、 in other standards.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.2. Terminologybarcol hardnessa measurement of the surface hardnessusing a Barber Colman impresser.NOTE 2The Barcol hardness is a relative measure of cure and thenominal value can differ on a fully cured part with the use of

4、differentadditives.blistera rounded elevation of the pultruded surface withboundaries that may be more or less sharply defined. Ablister may be a small percentage or large percentage of thepultruded part surface.NOTE 3The rounded elevation somewhat resembles a blister on thesurface of human skin. Bl

5、isters may exist within the pultrusion as a hollowarea (usually gas-filled) under a raised portion of the surface.blooming, fibera pultrusion surface condition exhibiting afiber prominence or fiber show that usually has a white orbleached color on parts without a surfacing veil.NOTE 4The surface gen

6、erally feels rough when touched by the fingersand is of superficial thickness easily removed by buffing or light sanding.There is not a structural issue.blooming, undercurea dull and bleached surface color thatis evident in pultruded material not exposed to the weather.NOTE 5This condition is usuall

7、y the result of insufficient surface cure.bowSee camber and straightness.camberthe deviation of the edge or surface of a pultrudedshape from a reference straight line.chipsminor damage to the pultruded surface that removesmaterial but does not cause a crack or craze. Typicallycaused by minor impact

8、damage closed shape-a pultrudedshape that has a hollow component.cracka visual separation that occurs internally or penetratesdown from the pultruded surface to the equivalent of one fullply or more of reinforcement (at least 0.019 in. or 0.48 mm).cratera small, shallow pultrusion surface imperfecti

9、on.crazemultiple fine cracks at or under the pultruded surface.craze, hairlinemultiple fine pultrusion surface separationcracks that exceed14 in. (6.4 mm) in length and do notpenetrate in depth to the equivalent of full ply of reinforce-ment.craze, resinmultiple fine separation cracks at the pultrud

10、edsurface not penetrating into the reinforcement.NOTE 6This condition is usually due to resin shrinkage during cure inresin-rich areas.delaminationthe separation of two or more layers or plies ofreinforcing material within a pultrusion, which increases thelocalized part thickness by more than 0.13 m

11、m (0.005 in.).die-parting linea lengthwise flash or depression on thesurface of a pultruded plastic part.NOTE 7The die-parting line is associated with the area where separatepieces of the die join together to form the cavity.die struck dimensiona dimension that is controlled exclu-sively by the dime

12、nsions of the steel die and not byprocessing.discolorationa streak or other pattern on the surface thatcauses a noticeable change of color from the rest of thepultruded surface.dry fibera condition in which fibers are not fully encapsu-lated by resin during pultrusion.dullnessa lack of normal pultru

13、ded surface gloss or shine.NOTE 8This condition can be caused by insufficient cure locally or inlarge areas end cut angularity-The squareness of the end cut on a pultrudedshape measured in reference to a flat surface on the pultruded part whichis parallel to the direction of pull.dwarf widtha condit

14、ion in which the crosswise (of thedirection of pultrusion) dimension of a flat surface of the partis less than that the die normally would yield for a particularcomposite.NOTE 9This condition is usually caused by a partial blockage of thepultrusion die cavity caused by “build-up” or particles of the

15、 composite1These definitions are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on ReinforcedThermosetting Plastics.Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published April 2011. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approv

16、ed in 2003 as D3918 - 96(2003).DOI: 10.1520/D3918-11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.adhering to the cavity surface. This condition is commonly called a “lostedge” when the flat surface has a free edge that is altered

17、 by the build-up.exposed underlayerthe underlying layer of mat or rovingnot covered by surface mat in a pultrusion.NOTE 10This condition can be caused by reinforcement shifting, toonarrow surface mat, too wide underlying mat, uneven slitting of surfacemat, or necking down of surface mat or excessive

18、 tension in pulling themat off the spindle.fiber bridgingreinforcing fiber material that is found bridg-ing across on an inside radius of a pultruded product.fiber prominencea visible and measurable pattern of thereinforcing material on the surface of a pultruded plasticpart.NOTE 11Typically not a s

19、tructural issue.flatnessa localized curvature in the pultruded surface mea-sure perpendicular to the direction of pull.folded reinforcementan unintentional or unspecified mis-alignment of mat or fabric reinforcing material in relation tothe contour of a pultruded section.NOTE 12Such folds may or may

20、 not affect the surface appearance ofthe pultrusion and are chiefly visible in a cut cross section of the product.fracturecracks, crazing, or delamination, or a combinationthereof, resulting from physical damage to the pultrusion.gougessee chips.groovinglong narrow grooves or depressions in a surfac

21、e ofa pultrusion parallel to the direction of pull.inclusionany foreign matter or particles that are eitherencapsulated or imbedded in the pultrusion.insufficient curea pultrusion abnormality created by lack of,or incomplete, cross-linking of the resin.NOTE 13This condition can usually be detected b

22、y dull surfaceappearance, low Barcol hardness, and low physical properties. Thicksections, cured from the outside in, can reveal insufficient cure in thecenter of the section even though completely cured on the surface. Thiscondition can be caused by insufficient die temperature, improper catalyst,o

23、r pulling too fast for the die temperature. Low Barcol hardness is relativeto the normal Barcol hardness for the product.internal shrinkage cracksseparations not extending to thesurface in the pultrusion that are found within sections ofheavy roving reinforcement between the mats. Internalshrinkage

24、separations do not increase the part thickness bymore than 0.005 in. (0.48 mm).NOTE 14This condition is caused by shrinkage strains during curethat are apparent in the heavy roving portion of the pultruded part.open shapea pultruded shape that is not enclosed bycomposite on all sides.porosity: poros

25、ity, internalthe presence of numerous pits orpin holes beneath the pultruded surface; usually observableonly in a cut cross section.porosity, surfacethe presence of numerous visible pits orpin holes at or near the pultruded surface.pultrusion(1) a process described as the reversed “extru-sion” of re

26、sin-impregnated reinforcements in the manufac-ture of rods, tubes, sheets, and shapes of uniform crosssection. The reinforcement, after being saturated by theresin-application system, is drawn through a die to form thedesired cross section. (2) a term that is applied to the productof the above proce

27、ss. (3) a term used to show associationwith the above process.reinforcement distortionknotted, tangled, widely spaced,or otherwise abnormal but local irregularities in reinforce-ment distribution throughout the pultruded cross section.reinforcement-rich areaan over-concentration of reinforce-ment in

28、 the pultruded cross section.resin-rich areaan area of the pultrusion that lacks sufficientreinforcement.NOTE 15The fiber pattern may not be visible.roving knota knotted or entangled section of roving foundin a pultrusion.NOTE 16Such a knot may cause high fiber concentration locally andmay or may no

29、t be visible as a white or light spot on the surface of thesection.saw burnblackening or carbonization of a cut surface of apultruded section.scalea condition wherein resin plates or particles are on thesurface of a pultrusion.NOTE 17Scales can often be readily removed, sometimes leavingsurface void

30、s or depressions.scuffinglong white scrape marks on the surface of thepultrusion.NOTE 18This condition usually results from mechanical scraping orscratching of the pultrusion in the machine or in handling it afterwards.sluffinga condition wherein scales peel off or become loose,either partially or e

31、ntirely, from the pultrusion.NOTE 19This term is applied to an occurrence during the pultrusionprocess and is not to be confused with scraping, prying, or physicallyremoving the scale from the pultrusion. “Sluffing” is sometimes spelled“sloughing”.stop marka band, either dull or glossy, on the surfa

32、ce,approximately12 to 3 in. (12 to 76 mm) wide and extendingaround the periphery of a pultruded shape.NOTE 20This condition is the result of an interruption in the normalcontinuous pulling operation and typically does not cause a structuralissue.straightnessthe vertical (upward) deviation of the pul

33、trudedshape when resting on a flat surface. This deviation ismeasured in the center of the shapes resting on a flat surface.twista condition of longitudinal progressive rotation foundin pultruded parts.NOTE 21This term describes a condition that can be easily detectedfor a noncircular cross section

34、by placing the pultrusion on a planesurface, holding one end flat with the surface, and observing if one edgeor side of the other end does not lie parallel with that surface.voidany pocket of gas entrapment within or between theplies of reinforcement (see blister and porosity).wet-outthe saturation

35、of the reinforcement by the polymer.wrinkle depressionan undulation or series of undulations orwaves on the surface of the pultruded part.D3918 112NOTE 22This condition can occur in either the lengthwise or cross-wise direction of the pultrusion and is caused by reinforcement shiftingand crowding (s

36、ee folded reinforcement). Wrinkles affect the flatness ofthe surface. Wrinkles that occur in the flange tip and are approximately 45to the direction of pull are known as “wavelike wrinkles.”ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with

37、any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technic

38、al committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration

39、 at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo

40、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D3918 113