ASTM D395-2016 Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property&x2014 Compression Set《橡胶压缩永久变形特性的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D395 15D395 16Standard Test Methods forRubber PropertyCompression Set1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D395; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par

2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the testing of rubber intended for us

3、e in applications in which the rubber will be subjected tocompressive stresses in air or liquid media. They are applicable particularly to the rubber used in machinery mountings, vibrationdampers, and seals. Two test methods are covered as follows:Test Method SectionACompression Set Under Constant F

4、orce in Air 710ACompression Set Under Constant Force in Air 8 11BCompression Set Under Constant Deflection in Air 1114BCompression Set Under Constant Deflection in Air 12 15CCompression Set Under Constant Deflection in AirConsidering Material Hardness16 211.2 The choice of test method is optional, b

5、ut consideration should be given to the nature of the service for which correlationof test results may be sought. Unless otherwise stated in a detailed specification, Test Method B shall be used.1.3 Test Method B is not suitable for vulcanizates harder than 90 IRHD.1.4 The values stated in SI units

6、are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitat

7、ions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1349 Practice for RubberStandard Conditions for TestingD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing StandardVulcanized SheetsD3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for T

8、est Purposes from ProductsD3767 Practice for RubberMeasurement of DimensionsD4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing IndustriesE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Summary of Test Methods3.1 A t

9、est specimen is compressed to either a deflection or by a specified force and maintained under this condition for aspecified time and at a specified temperature.3.2 The residual deformation of a test specimen is measured 30 min after removal from a suitable compression device in whichthe specimen ha

10、d been subjected for a definite time to compressive deformation under specified conditions.3.3 After the measurement of the residual deformation, the compression set, as specified in the appropriate test method, iscalculated according to Eq 1 and Eq 2.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction

11、of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10 on Physical Testing.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015April 15, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 asD395 14.D395 15. DOI: 10.1520/D0395-15.10.15

12、20/D0395-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is inte

13、nded only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the curre

14、nt versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 Compression set tests are intended to measure the ability of rubber co

15、mpounds to retain elastic properties after prolongedaction of compressive stresses. The actual stressing service may involve the maintenance of a definite deflection, the constantapplication of a known force, or the rapidly repeated deformation and recovery resulting from intermittent compressive fo

16、rces.Though the latter dynamic stressing, like the others, produces compression set, its effects as a whole are simulated more closelyby compression flexing or hysteresis tests. Therefore, compression set tests are considered to be mainly applicable to serviceconditions involving static stresses. Te

17、sts are frequently conducted at elevated temperatures.5. Test Specimens5.1 Specimens from each sample may be tested in duplicate (Option 1) or triplicate (Option 2). The compression set of thesample in Option 1 shall be the average of the two specimens expressed as a percentage. The compression set

18、of the sample inOption 2 shall be the median (middle most value) of the three specimens expressed as a percentage.5.2 The standard test specimen shall be a cylindrical disk cut from a laboratory prepared slab.5.2.1 The dimensions of the standard specimens shall be:Type 1A 2BThickness, mm (in.) 12.5

19、0.5(0.49 0.02)6.0 0.2(0.24 0.01)Diameter, mm (in.) 29.0 0.5(1.14 0.02)13.0 0.2(0.51 0.01)A Type 1 specimen is used in Test Methods A, B, and C.B Type 2 specimen is used in Test Method B and C.5.2.2 When cutting the standard specimen, the circular die having the required inside dimensions specified i

20、n 5.2.1 shall berotated in a drill press or similar device and lubricated by means of a soap solution.Aminimum distance of 13 mm (0.51 in.) shallbe maintained between the cutting edge of the die and the edge of the slab. The cutting pressure shall be as light as possible tominimize cupping of the cu

21、t edges. The dies shall be maintained carefully so that the cutting edges are sharp and free of nicks.5.3 An optional method of preparing the standard specimen may be the direct molding of a circular disk having the dimensionsrequired for the test method used and specified in 5.2.1.NOTE 1It should b

22、e recognized that an equal time and temperature, if used for both the slab and molded specimen, will not produce an equivalentstate of cure in the two types of specimen. A higher degree of cure will be obtained in the molded specimen. Adjustments, preferably in the time of cure,must be taken into co

23、nsideration if comparisons between the specimens prepared by different methods are to be considered valid.NOTE 2It is suggested, for the purpose of uniformity and closer tolerances in the molded specimen, that the dimensions of the mold be specified andshrinkage compensated for therein.Atwo-plate mo

24、ld with a cavity 13.0 6 0.1 mm (0.510 6 0.004 in.) in thickness and 29.20 6 0.05 mm (1.148 6 0.002in.) in diameter, with overflow grooves, will provide Type 1 specimens for Test Method A and Test Method B. A similar mold but having a cavity of 6.36 0.3 mm (0.25 6 0.012 in.) in thickness and 13.3 6 0

25、.1 mm (0.52 6 0.004 in.) in diameter will provide Type 2 specimens for Test Method B.5.4 When the standard test specimen is to be replaced by a specimen taken from a vulcanized rubber part of greater thicknessthan the one indicated in 5.2.1, the sample thickness shall be reduced first by cutting tra

26、nsversely with a sharp knife and thenfollowed by buffing to the required thickness in accordance with Practice D3183.5.5 An alternative method of preparing specimens is by plying up cylindrical disks cut from a standard sheet prepared inaccordance with Practice D3182 using the specimen sizes specifi

27、ed in 5.2.1 and cutting as described in 5.2.2, or where a drill pressis not available cutting the specimens with a single stroke from a cutting die.5.5.1 The disks shall be plied, without cementing, to the thickness required. Such plies shall be smooth, flat, of uniformthickness, and shall not excee

28、d seven in number for Type 1 specimens and four in number for Type 2 specimens.5.5.2 Care shall be taken during handling and placing of the plied test specimen in the test fixture by keeping the circular facesparallel and at right angles to the axis of the cylinder.5.5.3 The results obtained on plie

29、d specimens may be different from those obtained using solid specimens and the results maybe variable, particularly if air is trapped between disks.5.5.4 The results obtained on the specimens prepared by one of the methods may be compared only to those prepared by thesame method.5.6 For routine or p

30、roduct specification testing, it is sometimes more convenient to prepare specimens of a different size orshape, or both. When such specimens are used, the results should be compared only with those obtained from specimens of similarsize and shape and not with those obtained with standard specimen. F

31、or such cases, the product specification should define thespecimen as to the size and shape. If suitable specimens cannot be prepared from the product, the test method and allowable limitsmust be agreed upon between the producer and the purchaser.6. Conditioning6.1 Store all vulcanized test specimen

32、s or product samples to be tested at least 24 h but not more than 60 days. When the dateof vulcanization is not known, make tests within 60 days after delivery by the producer of the article represented by the specimen.D395 1626.2 Allow buffed specimens to rest at least 30 min before specimens are c

33、ut for testing.6.3 Condition all specimens before testing for a minimum of 3 h at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F). Specimens whose compressionset properties are affected by atmospheric moisture shall be conditioned for a minimum of 24 h in an atmosphere controlled to arelative humidity of 50 6 10 %RH (40 to 6

34、0 %RH).7. Precision and Bias37.1 These precision statements have been prepared in accordance with Practice D4483. Please refer to Practice D4483 forterminology and other testing and statistical concepts.7.2 Prepared test specimens of two rubbers for Test Methods A and B were supplied to five laborat

35、ories. These were tested induplicate each day on two separate testing days.Atest result, therefore, is the average of two test specimens, for both Test MethodsA and B.7.3 One laboratory did not run the Test Method A testing; therefore, the precision for Test Method A is derived from fourlaboratories

36、.7.4 The Type 1 precision results are given in Table 1 and Table 2.7.5 BiasIn test method statistical terminology, bias is the difference between an average test value and the reference or truetest property value. Reference values do not exist for these test methods since the value or level of the t

37、est property is exclusivelydefined by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannot be determined.TEST METHOD ACOMPRESSION SET UNDERCONSTANT FORCE IN AIR8. Apparatus8.1 MicrometerA micrometer, analog or digital, for measuring specimen thickness, in accordance with Practice D3767,Method A1.8.2 Compression

38、 Device, consisting of a force application spring and two parallel compression plates assembled by means ofa frame or threaded bolt in such a manner that the device shall be portable and self-contained after the force has been applied andthat the parallelism of the plates shall be maintained. The fo

39、rce may be applied in accordance with either 8.2.1 or 8.2.2.3 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D11-1138.TABLE 1 Type 1 Precision Results, % Compression SetTestMethod AMaterial MeanLevel Within LaboratoryA Between

40、LaboratoryASr r (r) SR R (R)1 1.73 (%) 0.050 0.142 8.2 0.190 0.54 31.12 26.1 0.898 2.54 9.7 2.37 6.71 25.7A Sr = within laboratory standard deviation.r = repeatability (in measurement units).(r) = repeatability (in percent).SR = between laboratory standard deviation.R = reproducibility (in measureme

41、nt units).(R) = reproducibility (in percent).TABLE 2 Type 1 Precision Results, % Compression SetTestMethod BMaterial MeanLevel Within LaboratoryA Between LaboratoryASr r (r) SR R (R)1 13.7 (%) 0.591 1.67 12.2 1.54 4.36 31.82 52.8 0.567 1.60 3.0 5.92 16.8 31.7A Sr = within laboratory standard deviati

42、on.r = repeatability (in measurement units).(r) = repeatability (in percent).SR = between laboratory standard deviation.R = reproducibility (in measurement units).(R) = reproducibility (in percent).D395 1638.2.1 Calibrated Spring Force ApplicationThe required force shall be applied by a screw mechan

43、ism for compressing acalibrated spring the proper amount. The spring shall be of properly heat-treated spring steel with ends ground and perpendicularto the longitudinal axis of the spring. A suitable compression device is shown in Fig. 1. The spring shall conform to the followingrequirements:8.2.1.

44、1 The spring shall be calibrated at room temperature 23 6 5C (73.4 6 9F) by applying successive increments of forcenot exceeding 250 N (50 lbf) and measuring the corresponding deflection to the nearest 0.2 mm (0.01 in.). The curve obtained byplotting the forces against the corresponding deflections

45、shall have a slope of 70 6 3.5 kN/m (400 6 20 lbf/in.) at 1.8 kN (400lbf). The slope is obtained by dividing the two forces above and below 1.8 kN by the difference between the correspondingdeflections.8.2.1.2 The original dimensions of the spring shall not change due to fatigue by more than 0.3 mm

46、(0.01 in.) after it has beenmounted in the compression device, compressed under a force of 1.8 kN (400 lbf), and heated in the oven for one week at 70C6 2C (158 6 3.6F). In ordinary use, a weekly check of the dimensions shall show no greater change than this over a period of1 year.8.2.1.3 The minimu

47、m force required to close the spring (solid) shall be 2.4 kN (530 lbf).8.2.2 External Force ApplicationThe required force shall be applied to the compression plates and spring by external meansafter the test specimen is mounted in the apparatus. Either a calibrated compression machine or known masse

48、s may be used forforce application. Provision shall be made by the use of bolts and nuts or other devices to prevent the specimen and spring fromlosing their initial deflections when the external force is removed. The spring shall have essentially the same characteristics asdescribed in 8.2.1, but c

49、alibration is not required. A suitable compression device is shown in Fig. 2.8.3 PlatesThe plates between which the test specimen is compressed shall be made of steel of sufficient thickness to withstandthe compressive stresses without bending.8.3.1 The surfaces against which the specimen is held shall have a chromium an industrial chrome (hard chrome) plated finishand shall be cleaned thoroughly and wiped dry before each test.8.3.2 The steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of 0.