ASTM D1165-2007 Standard Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Softwoods《商业硬木和软木的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 1165 07Standard Nomenclature ofCommercial Hardwoods and Softwoods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par

2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Commercial species group names are listed with com-mon tree and botanical names. Commercial names are repre-sentative of commercial practice in the

3、 United States andCanada. Some foreign species that are used in the United Statesand Canada are listed in Appendix X1 with their commercialand botanical names.1.2 The official common names conform AH 41. In additionto the official common name for a species, the checklist alsolists other names by whi

4、ch the species and the lumber producedfrom it are sometimes designated. Names unique to Canada areshown with an *.1.3 The designations in parentheses, (North) and (South), aconvention used by the American Lumber Standard (ALS)Committee accredited lumber rules writing agencies listed inALS PS 20, ide

5、ntify a commercial name applied only when theincluded species are harvested from Canada as (North) or theUnited States as (South).2. Referenced Documents2.1 Other Documents:ALS PS 20 American Softwood Lumber StandardAH 41 Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees of theUnited States (including Alas

6、ka), Agriculture HandbookNo. 41, 19533. Terminology3.1 Commercial names for lumber represent commercialpractice in the United States and Canada.3.2 Official common tree names are those used to identifytree species.3.3 Botanical names are those that scientifically identify thegenus and species of ind

7、ividual tree species.3.4 Commercial species groups are those that are combinedfor marketing convenience, for growing within the same foresttimber stand, or for similar performance properties and char-acteristics.3.5 Single species and species groups are provided inAppendix X1Tables 1-2 and shown by

8、commercial names,official common tree names, and botanical names.3.6 Species groups for hardwoods are shown in Table 1.3.7 Species groups for softwoods are shown in Table 2.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this standard is to provide common treenames and botanical names for commercial speci

9、es and speciesgroups but is not intended to be all inclusive of commercialpractice. The decision about which commercial species areincluded in this practice is made by the D07 committee onwood.4.2 Individual species are frequently mixed in commercialspecies groups for marketing or harvesting conveni

10、ence, or forsimilar appearance or performance properties, or both.4.3 Consumers of lumber, plywood, and other wood-basedproducts may use different mixes of species for the samespecies group name. This practice should provide clarity fornomenclature used throughout wood-consuming industries.1This nom

11、enclature is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.91 on Terminology andEditorial.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originallyapproved in 1951. Discontinued 2002. Reinstated as D 1165 - 03. Last previo

12、usedition approved in 2003 as D 1165 - 03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Commercial Hardwood Species GroupCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botanical NamesAlder: Red Alder red alder Alnus rubraAsh: White Ash blue as

13、h Fraxinus quadrangulatagreen ash F. pennsylvanicawhite ash F. americanaAspen: quaking aspen (trembling aspen) Populus tremuloidesbigtooth aspen (largetooth aspen) P. grandidentataBasswood4American basswood Tilia americanawhite basswood T. heterophyllaBirch5gray birch Betula populifoliapaper birch B

14、. papyriferariver birch B. nigrasweet birch B. lentayellow birch B. alleghaniensisBuckeye Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabrayellow buckeye A. octandraCottonwood black cottonwood Populus trichocarpaeastern cottonwood P. deltoidesplains cottonwood P. sargentiiswamp cottonwood P. heterophyllabalsam poplar P.

15、 balsamiferaDogwood flowering dogwood Cornus floridaPacific dogwood C. nuttalliHackberry hackberry Celtis occidentalissugarberry C. laevigataHard Maple6black maple Acer nigrumsugar maple A. saccharumHickory mockernut hickory Carya tomentosapignut hickory C. glabrashagbark hickory C. ovatashellbark h

16、ickory C. laciniosaLocust black locust Robinia pseudoacaciahoneylocust Gleditsia triacanthosMagnolia cucumbertree Magnolia acuminatasouthern magnolia M. grandiflorasweetbay M. virginianaNorthern Aspen* bigtooth aspen (largetooth aspen) Populus grandidentataquaking aspen (trembling aspen) P. tremuloi

17、desbalsam poplar (balsam) P. balsamiferaPecan bitternut hickory Carya cordiformisnutmeg hickory C. myristicaeformiswater hickory C. aquaticaD1165072Commercial Hardwood Species GroupCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botanical Namespecan C. illinoensisRed Oak black oak Quercus velutinablackjack oak Q

18、. marylandicaCalifornia black oak Q. kelloggiicherrybark oak Q. falcatavariant pagodaefolialaurel oak Q. laurifolianorthern pin oak Q. ellipsoidalisnorthern red oak Q. rubraNuttall oak Q. nuttalliipin oak Q. palustrisscarlet oak Q. coccineaShumard oak Q. shumardiisouthern red oak Quercus falcataturk

19、ey oak Q. laeviswater oak Q. nigrawillow oak Q. phellosRock Elm cedar elm Ulmus crassifoliarock elm U. thomasiiSeptember elm U. serotinawinged elm U. alataSoft Elm7American elm U. americanaslippery elm U. rubraSoft Maple6red maple A. rubrumsilver maple A. saccharinumTupelo black tupelo Nyssa sylvati

20、caOgeechee tupelo N. ogeecheewater tupelo N. aquaticaWhite Oak Arizona white oak Q. arizonicablue oak Q. douglasiibur oak Q. macrocarpaCalifornia white oak Q. lobatachestnut oak Q. prinuschinkapin oak Q. muehlenbergiiEmory oak Q. emoryiGambel oak Q. gambeliilive oak Q. virginianaMexican blue oak Q.

21、oblongifoliaOregon white oak Q. garryanaovercup oak Q. lyratapost oak Q. stellataswamp chestnut oak Q. michauxiiswamp white oak Q. bicolorwhite oak Q. albaWillow black willow Salix nigrapeachleaf willow S. amygdaloidesYellow Poplar yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipifera2The commercial names for lumbe

22、r represent commercial practice in the United States and Canada. A dagger () indicates names recognized under the American LumberStandard. The designation (north) identifies Canadian lumber exported to the United States. An asterisk (*) indicates a commercial name applied only when the includedspeci

23、es are harvested in Canada.3The official common names conform to the Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States (including Alaska), Agriculture Handbook No. 41, 1953, andare sometimes used as names for lumber. In addition to the official common name for a species, the Check List

24、 also lists other names by which the species and the lumberproduced from it are sometimes designated. Names unique to Canada are shown in parentheses.4For some commercial uses where a white appearance is a requirement, the sapwood of American basswood (Tilia americana) is specified under the designa

25、tion whitebasswood. This commercial use designation should not be confused with the species (Tilia heterophylla ) having the common name “white basswood.”D1165073Commercial Softwood Species GroupCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botanical NamesAlaska Cedar Alaska-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensisAla

26、ska Hemlock mountain hemlock T. mertensianawestern hemlock T. heterophyllaAlaska Spruce Sitka spruce P. sitchensiswhite spruce P. glaucaAlaska Yellow-Cedar Alaska-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensisAlpine Fir-Hem-Fir subalpine fir (alpine fir) Abies lasiocarpaCalifornia red fir A. magnificagrand fir A.

27、 grandisnoble fir A. proceraPacific silver fir A. amabiliswhite fir A. concolorwestern hemlock Tsuga heterophyllaBalsalm Fir balsam fir A. balsameafraser fir A. fraseriCoast Sitka Spruce* Sitka spruce P. sitchensisCoast Species* Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesiigrand fir Abies grandisPacific silver

28、fir (amabilis fir) A. amabiliswestern hemlock Tsuga heterophyllawestern larch Larix occidentalisSitka spruce Picea sitchensisCypress8baldcypress Taxodium distichumpond cypress T. distichumvariant nutansDouglas Fir-Larch (North)* Douglas-fir9Pseudotsuga menziesiiwestern larch Larix occidentalisDougla

29、s Fir-Larch Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesiiwestern larch Larix occidentalisEastern Hemlock carolina hemlock Tsuga carolinianaeastern hemlock T. canadensisEastern Hemlock-Tamarack (North)* eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensistamarack Larix laricinaEastern Hemlock-Tamarack eastern hemlock Tsuga canadens

30、istamarack Larix laricinaEastern Red Cedar eastern redcedar Juniperis virginianasouthern redcedar J. silicicolaEastern Softwoods balsam fir Abies balsameablack spruce Picea mariana5Usually designated either as red birch or as sap (white) birch, as the case may be, or as birch if unselected for color

31、.6Hard maple or soft maple sometimes is specified to be white; this can be interpreted as being a requirement for sapwood.7Soft elm lumber is sometimes designated as white elm.D1165074Commercial Softwood Species GroupCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botanical Nameseastern hemlock T. canadensiseast

32、ern white pine Pinus strobusjack pine P. banksianared pine P. resinatared spruce P. rubenstaramack Larix laricinawhite spruce P. glaucaEastern Spruce-Balsam Fir balsam fir Abies balsameablack spruce Picea marianared spruce P. rubenswhite spruce P. glaucaEastern Woods bigtooth aspen Populus grandiden

33、tataquaking aspen P. tremuloidesbalsam fir Abies balsameaCarolina hemlock Tsuga carolinianaeastern hemlock T. canadensiseastern white pine Pinus strobusjack pine P. banksianared pine P. resinatablack spruce Picea marianared spruce P. rubenswhite spruce P. glaucatamarack Larix laricinaEngelmann spruc

34、e blue spruce Picea pungensEngelmann spruce Picea engelmanniiEngelmann spruce-alpine Fir subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpaEngelmann spruce Picea engelmanniiEngelmann spruce-lodgepole pine lodgepole pine Pinus contortaEngelmann spruce Picea engelmanniiEngelmann spruce-lodgepole pine-alpine fir Engelmann

35、 spruce Picea engelmanniilodgepole pine Pinus contortasubalpine fir Abies lasiocarpaHem-fir California red fir A. magnificagrand fir A. grandisnoble fir A. proceraPacific silver fir A. amabilissubalpine fir A. lasiocarpawhite fir A. concolorLongleaf Pine longleaf pine Pinus palustrisslash pine P. el

36、liottiiMountain Hemlock-Hem Fir California red fir Abies magnificagrand fir A. grandisnoble fir A. proceraPacific silver fir A. amabiliswhite fir A. concolormountain hemlock Tsuga mertensianawestern hemlock T. heterophyllaNorthern Pine jack pine Pinus banksianared pine P. resinosapitch pine P. rigid

37、aNorthern Species* Alaska-cedar (Pacific Coast yellow cedar) Chamaecyparis nootkatensisD1165075Commercial Softwood Species GroupCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botanical Nameswestern redcedar Thuja plicataDouglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesiibalsam fir Abies balsameagrand fir A. grandisPacific silver

38、 fir (amabilis fir) A. amabilissubalpine fir (alpine fir) A. lasiocarpaeastern hemlock Tsuga canadensiswestern hemlock T. heterophyllaeastern white pine Pinus strobusjack pine P. banksianalodgepole pine P. contortaponderosa pine P. ponderosared pine P. resinosawestern white pine P. monticolablack sp

39、ruce Picea marianared spruce P. rubensSitka spruce P. sitchensiswhite spruce P. glaucatamarack Larix laricinaPonderosa pine-lodgepole pine lodgepole pine P. contortaponderosa pine P. ponderosaPonderosa pine-sugar pine ponderosa pine P. ponderosasugar pine P. lambertianaPort orford cedar port-orford-

40、cedar Chamaecyparis lawsonianaSouthern Pine (Minor) pond pine P. serotinasand pine P. clausaSpruce pine P. glabraVirginia pine P. virginianaSitka spruce sitka spruce Piceas sitchensisSouthern Pine loblolly pine P. taedalongleaf pine P. palustrisshortleaf pine P. echinataslash pine P. elliottiiSpruce

41、-pine-fir* balsam fir Abies balsameasubalpine fir (alpine fir) A. lasiocarpajack pine Pinus banksianalodgepole pine P. contortablack spruce Picea marianaEngelmann spruce P. engelmanniired spruce P. rubenswhite spruce P. glaucaSpruce-pine-fir (south) balsam fir Abies balsameablack spruce Picea marian

42、aEngelmann spruce P. engelmanniijack pine Pinus banksianalodgepole pine P. contortared pine P. resinosared spruce P. rubenssitka spruce P. sitchensiswhite spruce P. glaucaWestern cedars (north)* Alaska-cedar (Pacific Coast yellow cedar) Chamaecyparis nootkatensiswestern redcedar Thuja plicataWestern

43、 cedars Alaska-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensisD1165076Commercial Softwood Species GroupCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botanical Namesincense-cedar Libocedrus decurrensPort-Orford-cedar Chamaecyparis lawsonianawestern redcedar Thuja plicataWestern Juniper alligator juniper Juniperus deppeanaRock

44、y Mountain juniper J. scopulorumUtah juniper J. osteospermawestern juniper J. occidentalisWestern Woods California red fir Abies magnificaDouglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesiiEngelmann spruce Picea engelmanniigrand fir A. grandislodgepole pine Pinus contortamountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiananoble fir A.

45、 proceraPacific silver fir A. amabilisponderosa pine P. ponderosasubalpine fir A. lasiocarpasugar pine P. lambertianawestern hemlock T. heterophyllawestern larch Larix occidentaliswestern white pine P. monticolawhite fir A. concolorWhite firs California red fir Abies magnificagrand fir A. grandisnob

46、le fir A. proceraPacific silver fir A. amabiliswhite fir A. concolorWhite Woods California red fir Abies magnificagrand fir A. grandisnoble fir A. proceraPacific silver fir A. amabilissubalpine fir A. lasiocarpawhite fir A. concolormountain hemlock Tsuga mertensianawestern hemlock T. heterophyllalod

47、gepole pine Pinus contortaponderosa pine P. ponderosasugar pine P. lambertianawestern white pine P. monticolaEngelmann spruce Picea engelmanniiYellow cedar (N)* pacific coast yellow cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis5. Keywords5.1 commercial species; domestic hardwoods; domesticsoftwoods; tree8Cypress

48、 includes types designated as red cypress, white cypress, and yellowcypress. Red cypress is frequently classified and sold separately from the othertypes.9Douglas-fir from anywhere in the United States except Arizona, Colorado,Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.D1165077APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1

49、. STANDARD NOMENCLATURE OF FOREIGN SPECIES AND TRADE GROUPS OF WOODSCOMMONLY USED IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA14D1165078Commercial Terminology10Botanical Name11Commercial Terminology Botanical Name11HARDWOODS HARDWOODSAbiurana Bumelia obtusifolia Primavera Cybistax donnell smithiiAndiroba Carapa guianensis (South America) Ramin Gonystylus spp.Angelique Dicorynia guianensis Rosewood, Brazilian Dalbergia nigraApamate Tabebuia rosea Rosewood, Indian D. latifoliaApitong Dipterocarpus spp. (Philippines) Sajo Campnosperma panamensisAvodire Turraeanthus