[外语类试卷]2011年湖北省考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析.doc

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1、2011年湖北省考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the childs individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of div

2、orce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in

3、 disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity. There is some re

4、lationship between age and childrens characteristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one s

5、imple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection. Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reac

6、tion to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noti

7、ceable even two years after the divorce. Girls adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact o

8、f divorce on boys than on girls be explained? The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-c

9、ontrol, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers. 1 It is hard for temperamental, irritabl

10、e, kids to adapt to parental divorce because_. （ A） they are too much disrupted by the 1ife change （ B） the family breakup makes them feel very sensitive （ C） the great stress of their families diminishes their ability （ D） they encounter more parents fights than the easygoing children 2 The followi

11、ng statements are true EXCEPT_. （ A） a six-year-old boy may fear being deserted by his parents （ B） divorce is usually caused by more than one reason （ C） An older boy may feel more shameful on parental divorce than a girl （ D） as the kids grow older, they have a better understanding of divorce 3 Wh

12、y does parental divorce have greater effects on boys than on girls according to the author? （ A） Because the culture tolerates male aggression and noncompliance. （ B） Because boys are basically more self-disciplined than girls. （ C） Because males are usually viewed as the models in self-control. （ D

13、） Because boys are always involved in their parents fights. 4 What does the passage mainly convey to the readers? （ A） Kids of different ages behave differently facing parental divorce. （ B） The impact of divorce on kids varies in personality, age and gender. （ C） Boys may become more aggressive tha

14、n girls in disrupted families. （ D） Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their lives. 4 Government is an institution resulting from mans group way of life which maintains a set of social controls in order to prevent chaos. In a small, homogeneous, simple society, these soci

15、al controls can be imposed and enforced by the family or clan. But in a large, heterogeneous complex society, the institution of government takes over this function. For purposes of analysis, social control may be divided into moral control and political control. Moral control derives from the inter

16、nalized beliefs and values of a society and regulations, each individuals behavior without the use of outside enforcement. Political control does involve enforcement from the outside since the individual is not always certain that the rule he is following is just and right. He follows it to conform,

17、 to avoid punishment, or to receive social rewards. Political control is an outgrowth of moral control, and its effectiveness depends on the willingness of the members of society to accept the governments authority as right and just. A government that is forced to coerce or threaten most of its memb

18、ers into accepting political control not backed with moral control will not survive long. In addition, a wide discrepancy between moral and political control will result in a condition of general lawlessness. Such a condition has occurred in the United States on several occasions and is now evident

19、among some groups of society according to “The Roots of Lawlessness“ by historian Henry Steele Commangaer. Government, a major social institution, may be viewed as a set of procedures by which a society realizes a good portion of its goals. Government is further unique as an institution because it s

20、erves to reinforce the function of other institutions. Thus, individuals violating the rules and regulations of the economic, educational, or family institutions must ultimately face the punitive power of government. 5 A condition characterized by the absence of social organization and social contro

21、l, and by the belief that political authority is unnecessary is_. （ A） moral control （ B） political control （ C） anarchy （ D） authority 6 The institutionalized form of social control is_. （ A） commitment （ B） power （ C） authority （ D） government 7 Legitimate power rightfully exercised is called_. （

22、A） authority （ B） charisma （ C） legitimacy （ D） morality 8 Which statement is NOT correct? （ A） Political control must occasionally be controlled by an outside force. （ B） Political control can exist without moral control in a society. （ C） Political control reinforce moral control. （ D） Moral contr

23、ol emanates from within. 8 In England along a stretch of the north-ease coast which gently curves from Northumberland to the estuary of the river Tees, there was a spot, typical of many on that coast, where sea-coal was collected richly and effortlessly. This coal was a coarse powder, clean and bril

24、liant. It seemed to bear little resemblance to the large, filthy lumps put onto the fire. Although it was coal, it was perfectly clean and it was silently deposited at high tide in a glittering carpet a kilometer long for the local community to gather up. The gear needed for sea-coaling expeditions

25、was a curious and traditionally proven assortment which never varied from community to community along the entire north-east coastline. Sacks were essential to put the coal in, and string to tie the neck of each sack when it is full. A wooden rake was used to scrape the coal from the beach. The only

26、 alternative to the rake was a flat piece of board held in the hand. A flat, broad shovel to lift the raked coal into the bags, completed the portable hardware. But the most crucial item of equipment was a bicycle, a special kind of rusty, striped-down model which was the symbol of the sea-coaling c

27、raft. A ladys bike was no good because it lacked a crossbar, and that was an essential element in transporting sea-coal. One full sack could be slung through the triangular frame of a mans bike, another over the crossbar and, sometimes, even a third on top of that. The beauty of the metal bar agains

28、t the full, wet sacks forced excess water out of the coal while it was being wheeled home. On a good day, the path to the beach was generally a double snail track of water that had been forced from each end of a trail of coal sacks. 9 It can be inferred that between the two types of coal, sea coal_.

29、 （ A） can burn better （ B） might be cheaper （ C） was more finely-grained （ D） came in big pieces 10 According to the passage, certain equipment was used because_. （ A） it had proved to be practical （ B） it could be made by communities （ C） people there were very traditional （ D） the communities had

30、curious habits 11 To carry three sacks of coal on a bicycle, it was necessary to_. （ A） put one of them on the saddle （ B） balance them all on the crossbar （ C） remove the excess liquid （ D） balance two on the crossbar 12 By using the bicycle,_. （ A） coal could be moved easily over the sand （ B） the

31、 collectors could sell more teal （ C） excess liquid could be removed （ D） the collectors could ride home 12 When we think of creative people the names that probably spring to mind are those of men such as Leonardo da Vinci, Albert Einstein, and Pablo Picasso, i.e., great artists, inventors and scien

32、tists a select and exceptionally gifted body of men with rare talent and genius. The tendency to regard creativity and imaginative thinking as the exclusive province of a lucky few disregards the creative and imaginative aspects inherent in the solution of many of the tasks we regularly have to face

33、 the discovery and development of new method and techniques, the improvement of old methods, existing inventions and products. Everyone has creative ability to some extent. Creative thinking involves posing oneself a problem and then finding a solution along new and unconventional lines. It involves

34、 drawing new comparisons, discovering new combinations, and/or new applications of thing that are already known. It follows, then, that a creative person will exhibit great intellectual curiosity and imagination. He will be alert and observant with a great store of information which he will be able

35、to sort out and combine, in the solution of problems. He will be emotionally receptive to new and unconventional ideas and will be less interested in facts than in their implications. Most important of all, he will be able to communicate freely and will not be too concerned about other peoples react

36、ion to his apparently “crazy“ ideas. People called the Wright brothers mad but it did not stop them from becoming the first men to construct and fly a heavier-than-air craft. 13 The author believes that creative thinking_. （ A） is only possessed by great artists （ B） requires rare talent and genius

37、（ C） is needed in solving many problems （ D） belongs to a few lucky people 14 Creative thinking involves_. （ A） facing the problem and finding a solution （ B） observing the actions of great people （ C） drawing new pictures of old things （ D） discovering new emotions 15 A creative person must look at

38、 facts_. （ A） for their face-value （ B） for what they imply （ C） and remember them （ D） which are less interesting 16 In order to solve scientific problems, people should_. （ A） not be afraid of others opinion （ B） be as crazy as possible （ C） possess strange notions （ D） have more freedom 16 We hav

39、e known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with dif

40、ferent types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challengi

41、ng the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “beyond dispute“. We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the

42、 West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since

43、 the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary. The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any ove

44、rlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm. Sex roles were determined according to the “place“ appropriate to each. Womens place was, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world,

45、 i.e. workshops, factories and business firms, belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world(private and public)gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurtured and conserved“. To do this, sh

46、e had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man. Today, many women go out to work, and their rea

47、sons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for

48、all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence. 17 We did not recognize until recently that_. （ A） the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuous （ B） the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of culture （ C） the biological evolution does litt

49、le help in recognizing the identity of the sexes （ D） the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes 18 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because_. （ A） womens liberation movement has been going on for many years （ B） ideas about the roles of women have been changing （ C） the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the womens roles （ D） the change in sex roles is out of the question 19 According t