ASHRAE TRAN 2011-2-2011 2011 ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS VOLUME 117 PART 2.pdf

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1、TRANSACTIONSPAPERSPRESENTED AT THE2011 ANNUAL CONFERENCEIN MONTREAL, QUBEC, CANADAOF THEAMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATINGAND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.2011VOLUME 117, PART 2ASHRAE Transactions and HVAC telephone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.2011 American Society of Heating,Refrigerat

2、ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, Georgia 30329-2305All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.Printed using 10% post consumer waste and soy-based ink.ISSN 0001-2505ISBN 978-1-936504-12-1ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE

3、has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims anyduty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearanceof any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guarant

4、y byASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information inthis publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication.The entire risk of the use of any information in thi

5、s publication is assumed by the user.No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who mayquote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication be repro-duced, stored i

6、n a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Any updates/errata to this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE Web sit

7、e at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.LYNN G. BELLENGERPresident20102011ASHRAE TRANSACTIONSPurpose: One of the purposes of ASHRAE is to disseminate technical information of permanent interest through the publication of ASHRAE Transactions. Following are guidelines for submission of Conference Paper

8、s and Technical Papers.Information for AuthorsConference PapersSubmission: An abstract of a proposed paper should be submitted through the ASHRAE Conference Web sitefor review by the conference organizers. After abstract acceptance, papers are due within threemonths and should be submitted through t

9、he ASHRAE Conference Web site.Review Process: A paper based on an accepted abstract is put into a conference paper template available at theASHRAE Conference Web site and is submitted as a PDF file for review through the ASHRAEConference Web site. The names of the reviewers are withheld from the aut

10、hor to ensure objectivecomments. The submitted paper should not exceed 8 single-spaced pages using a font no smallerthan 10 points. Graphs, photographs, charts, and drawings are all included in the 8-page limit. Allpapers undergo review by at least two reviewers to ensure high quality of content. Th

11、e ASHRAEConferences and Expositions Committee decides, based on these reviews, whether papers areacceptable, need revision, or should be rejected.Final Format: The final manuscript is put into a conference paper template available at the ASHRAE ConferenceWeb site and is submitted as a PDF file throu

12、gh the ASHRAE Conference Web site. Manuscriptpages should not be numbered and the paper should not exceed 8 single-spaced pages using a fontno smaller than 10 points. Graphs, photographs, charts, and drawings are all included in the 8-pagelimit. The first page should include the title; the authors n

13、ames in desired order, principal authorfirst, with (if applicable) ASHRAE membership grade, academic degrees at the doctoral level(e.g., PhD, DSc), and professional certification (e.g., PE) for all authors; and an author note withthe job title, affiliation, and address (city, state, country) for eac

14、h author. See the sample at theASHRAE Conference Web site.Units: ASHRAE policy calls for dual units of measurement with Inch-Pound (I-P) units first and Interna-tional System (SI) units in parentheses. In cases where the work being reported was calculated inSI, the SI units may come first. For curre

15、ncy, include the monetary unit of the country where theresearch is based followed by the US dollar conversion in parentheses. NOTE: ASHRAE requiresdual units of measurement in figures and tables as well as text.Nomenclature: A special section defining symbols should be included if the number of equa

16、tions is extensive. Ifnot, nomenclature may follow each equation.Tables: Vertical lines should not be used in tables. Horizontal lines may be used to set off headings and atthe bottom of the table. Label each column and include units of measurement and other necessaryqualifying information. Units sh

17、ould be set off with a comma (e.g., “Velocity, m/s”). For complextables, use two tables, labeled “a” and “b”one in I-P units and one in SI units.References: The method of citation is the author-date method. The authors last name and the year of publicationare inserted in the text in parentheses. The

18、 list of references at the end of the paper is alphabetized.Commercialism: Commercialism in ASHRAE publications is strictly prohibited. Commercialism is deemed to beinclusion of references to an organization for the promotion or commercial advantage of that orga-nization. Please review the ASHRAE Co

19、mmercialism Policy on the ASHRAE Web site,www.ashrae.org, under Events then Papers and Programs.Further Information: Address questions to Conference Program Administrator, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle NE,Atlanta, GA 30329-2305; Telephone: (404) 636-8400; Fax: (404) 321-5478.Technical PapersSubmission:

20、 An electronic version of the manuscript should be submitted through ASHRAE Manuscript Cen-tral, http:/ Process: All papers undergo critical review by at least three reviewers to ensure high quality of content. TheASHRAE Conferences and Expositions Committee decides, based on these reviews, whetherp

21、apers are acceptable, need revision, or should be rejected. The name of the author is withheld fromthe reviewers and the names of reviewers are withheld from the author and from each other toensure objective comments.Format: Manuscripts should be prepared according to the guidelines in ASHRAEs Autho

22、rs Manual andAuthors Template (these instructions are posted in the “Instructions the authors names indesired order, principal author first, with (if applicable) ASHRAE membership grade, academicdegrees at the doctoral level (e.g., PhD, DSc), and professional certification (e.g., PE) for allauthors;

23、 an author note with the job title, affiliation, and address (city, state, country) for eachauthor; and complete contact information for the corresponding author, including mailing address,phone and fax numbers, and e-mail address. Units: ASHRAE policy calls for dual units of measurement with Inch-P

24、ound (I-P) units first and Interna-tional System (SI) units in parentheses. In cases where the work being reported was calculated inSI, the SI units may come first. For currency, include the monetary unit of the country where theresearch is based followed by the US dollar conversion in parentheses.N

25、omenclature: A special section defining symbols should be included if the number of equations is extensive. Ifnot, nomenclature may follow each equation.Figures: Artwork for figures should be submitted via ASHRAE Manuscript Central as separate tiff or epsfiles saved in either CMYK mode (for color) o

26、r Grayscale mode (for black and white) at high reso-lution (600 ppi or greater). Do not insert figures into the Word file for final submission. A procedureto convert graphics from Word or Excel to tiff format is available by going to the “Instructions Telephone: (404) 636-8400; Fax: (404) 321-5478.C

27、ONTENTSHost Chapter xiiiConferences and Expositions Committee and Transactions Staff xiiiState of the Society, Lynn G. Bellenger, 20102011 ASHRAE President . xivInaugural Address, Ron Jarnagin, 20112012 ASHRAE President .xviTechnical Program.xxCONFERENCE PAPERSML-11-C001 Development of a Dynamic Ene

28、rgy Use Modeling Tool for Data Center Cooling InfrastructureDustin W. Demetriou, H. Ezzat Khalifa, Roger Schmidt, and Madhusudan Iyengar 3ML-11-C002 Towards the Net-Zero Data Center: Development and Application of an Energy Reuse MetricMichael K. Patterson, Otto VanGeet, William Tschudi, and Dan Aze

29、vedo 10ML-11-C003 Navigating ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Requirements for Economizers In DatacomDavid Quirk 18ML-11-C004 Use of Passive, Rear-Door Heat Exchangers to Cool Low to Moderate Heat LoadsKailash Karki, Shlomo Novotny, Amir Radmehr, and Suhas Patankar 26ML-11-C005 Energy Efficient and Lower C

30、apital CostAn Alternative Data Center Cooling StrategyPhil Hughes and William Tschudi 34ML-11-C006 Renewable Energy Design and Performance of LEED EB Platinum Building for Zero Energy PerformanceJessica Minor and Kevin Hallinan 43ML-11-C007 Achieving Passivhaus Standard In North America: Lessons Lea

31、rnedJames Scott Brew 51ML-11-C008 Application of ASHRAE Standard 15-2010 with Respect to Multi-Evaporator Split Air-Conditioning SystemsStephen W. Duda. 59ML-11-C009 Energy Saving Using Mixed Air in Rooms Conditioned by Chilled Ceiling Displacement Ventilation SystemW. Chakroun, K. Ghali, and N. Gha

32、ddar 67ML-11-C010 Application of Nanofibrous Membranes with Antimicrobial AgentsAndrea Gregg and Julia Keen 76ML-11-C011 HVAC Design to Reduce Risk of Communicable Disease In Child Care Center Infant and Toddler RoomsLarry Dlugosz and Wei Sun . 84ML-11-C012 Thermal Performance of Uninsulated and Par

33、tially Filled Wall CavitiesEl Hassan Ridouane and Marcus V.A. Bianchi 91ML-11-C013 An Iterative Enthalpy Method to Overcome the Limitations in ESP-Rs PCM Solution AlgorithmSridhar Sadasivam, Dahai Zhang, Alan S. Fung, and Fabio Almeida . 100ML-11-C014 A Microchannel Evaporator for Domestic Refrigera

34、torsBenjamin Newell, Alexander Long, and Ty Newell.108ML-11-C015 Comparison of Energy Efficiency of Systems with Natural RefrigerantsA. Mikhailov, H.O. Matthiesen, and S. Suindykov 116ML-11-C016 Experimental Study of R-134a Alternative in a Supermarket Refrigeration SystemFrank Rinne, Barbara Minor,

35、 and Kahtan Salem124ML-11-C017 Environmental and Performance Results for Low GWP AC Fluid CandidatesThomas J. Leck 132ML-11-C018 Learning From NZE Houses: Extending Design Approaches to Larger StructuresPeter Amerongen and Dean Richardson141ML-11-C019 Green Garage: A Garage Retrofit Analysis to Faci

36、litate Greater Uptake of Alternatively Fueled VehiclesDamian Rogers, Farshid Zabihian, and Alan Fung 150ML-11-C020 Part Load Performance of a Two-Stage Variable Capacity Air-Source Heat Pump System in Cool-ing ModeAmir A. Safa, Alan S. Fung, and Wey H. Leong.158ML-11-C021 Benefits of Reduced Diamete

37、r Copper Tubes in Evaporators and CondensersRobert Weed and John Hipchen 166ML-11-C022 Energy and Exergy Analysis of Integrating Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC) with Lithium Bro-mide (Li-Br) Absorption Chiller for Building Heating and Cooling to Achieve Net Zero BuildingsYang Hu, Laura Schaefer,

38、 and Volker Hartkopf .174ML-11-C023 Phase Change Material Selection in the Design of a Latent Heat Energy Storage System Coupled with a Domestic Hot Water Solar Thermal SystemLouis Desgrosseilliers, Robynne Murray, Alex Safatli, Gina Marin, Jeremy Stewart, Nicolas Os-bourne, Mary Anne White, and Dom

39、inic Groulx .183ML-11-C024 A New Class of Highly Efficient, Green Refrigeration CompressorBamdad Bahar and Richard Williams.191ML-11-C025 Experimental Study of the Temperature and Velocity Fields Produced by a Displacement Ventila-tion Diffuser Laurent Magnier, Radu Zmeureanu, and Dominique Derome .

40、199ML-11-C026 In-Situ Performance of Displacement Ventilation System in Canadian Schools with Radiant Heating SystemsBoualem Ouazia, Michel Tardif, Iain Macdonald, Alexandra Thompson, and Daniel Booth 207ML-11-C027 Comparison of Energy Model Abstractions for Stratified Air Distribution SystemsIain M

41、acdonald and Julian Rimmer 220ML-11-C028 Design of Solar-Optimized NeighborhoodsCaroline Hachem, Andreas K. Athienitis, and Paul Fazio 228ML-11-C029 SolOpt: A Novel Apporach to Solar Rooftop OptimizationLars Lisell, Ian Metzger, and Jesse Dean 236ML-11-C030 Occupancy Based Control Strategy for Varia

42、ble-Air-Volume (VAV) Terminal Box Systems Guopeng Liu and Michael R. Brambley . 244ML-11-C031 Psychrometric Bin Analysis for Alternative Cooling Strategies In Data CentersIan Metzger, Otto VanGeet, Caleb Rockenbaugh, Jesse Dean, and Chuck Kurnik 254ML-11-C032 Demand Control Ventilation Methods to Me

43、et ASHRAE StandardsHoy Bohanon . 262ML-11-C033 Building on Experience with Hybrid Ground-Source Heat Pump SystemsScott Hackel and Amanda Pertzborn. 271ML-11-C034 An Analytical Method to Calculate Borehole Fluid Temperatures for Time-scales from Minutes to DecadesJohan Claesson and Saqib Javed . 279M

44、L-11-C035 Transcritical CO2for Air Conditioning with Ground Source ExchangeDavid Archer, Iyabo Lawal, and Yang Hu 289ML-11-C036 New England Net-Zero Production HousesDaniel M. Bergey and Kohta Ueno 298ML-11-C037 Energy Consumption and User Comfort in Cold Climate NZEHsPeter Engelmann and Kurt Roth 3

45、07ML-11-C038 Net-Zero Energy Homes: Solar Photovoltaic Electricity Scenario Analysis Based on Current and Future CostsVronique Delisle. 315ML-11-C039 San Francisco Bay Area Net-Zero Urban InfillKohta Ueno and John Straube. 323ML-11-C040 The Redesign of an Italian Building to Reach Net-Zero Energy Pe

46、rformances: A Case Study of the SHC Task 40ECBCS Annex 52 Maurizio Cellura, Lucia Campanella, Giuseppina Ciulla, Francesco Guarino, Valerio Lo Brano, Davide Nardi Cesarini, and Aldo Orioli 331ML-11-C041 Net-Zero In Vermont: The Putney School Field HouseAndrew M. Shapiro, William Maclay, and Daniel C

47、. Lewis 340ML-11-C042 From High Performance toward Net-Zero Energy Buildings in Canada: Overview and Long-Term PerspectiveMichel Tardif, Stephen Pope, and Mike Lubun 349ML-11-C043 Modeling and Calibration of Energy Models for a DoD BuildingZheng ONeill, Bryan Eisenhower, Shui Yuan, Trevor Bailey, Sa

48、tish Narayanan, and Vladimir Fonoberov 358ML-11-C044 Modeling the Commercial Buildings Sector: An Agent-Based ApproachIgnacio J. Martinez-Moyano, Fei Zhao, Kathy L. Simunich, Diane J. Graziano, and Guenter Conzelmann .366ML-11-C045 Updated Procedures for Commercial Building Energy AuditsJim Kelsey a

49、nd Dick Pearson.374ML-11-C046 Analysis of Measurement and Verification Methods for Energy Retrofits Applied to Residential BuildingsTim Guiterman and Moncef Krarti 382ML-11-C047 Photovoltaics on Landfills In Puerto RicoJimmy Salasovich and Gail Mosey.395ML-11-C048 Design and Performance of a Photovoltaic/Thermal System Integrated with Transpired CollectorJames Bambara, Andreas K. Athienitis, and Brendan ONeill403ML-11-C049 Sustainable and Energy Efficient Uses of Rain and Other Water Sources for Data CentersGregory R. Jeffers 411ML-1