ACI 371R-2016 Guide for the Analysis Design and Construction of Elevated Concrete and Composite Steel-Concrete Water Storage Tanks.pdf

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1、Guide for the Analysis, Design, and Construction of Elevated Concrete and Composite Steel-Concrete Water Storage TanksReported by ACI Committee 371ACI 371R-16First PrintingJune 2016ISBN: 978-1-945487-00-2Guide for the Analysis, Design, and Construction of Elevated Concrete and Composite Steel-Concre

2、te Water Storage TanksCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.Th

3、e technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or

4、 may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at http:/concrete.org/Publications/DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date r

5、evisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any w

6、ay assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a p

7、articular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the respon

8、sibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all

9、 regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the

10、 American Concrete Institute and in the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obt

11、ained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThis guide prese

12、nts recommendations for materials, analysis, design, and construction of concrete-pedestal elevated water storage tanks, including all-concrete and composite tanks. Composite tanks consist of a steel water storage vessel supported on a cylindrical reinforced concrete pedestal.Concrete-pedestal eleva

13、ted water storage tanks are structures that present special problems not encountered in typical envi-ronmental engineering concrete structures. This guide refers to ACI 350 for design and construction of those components of the pedestal tank in contact with the stored water, and to ACI 318 for desig

14、n and construction of components not in contact with the stored water. Determination of snow, wind, and seismic loads based on ASCE/SEI 7 is included. These loads conform to the requirements of national building codes that use ASCE/SEI 7 as the basis for environmental loads as well as those of local

15、 building codes. Special requirements, based on successful experience, for the unique aspects of loads, analysis, design, and construction of concrete-pedestal tanks are presented.Keywords: composite tanks; concrete-pedestal tanks; earthquake-resistant structures; elevated water tanks; formwork (con

16、struction).CONTENTSCHAPTER 1GENERAL, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 21.3Construction documents, p. 21.4Sample tank photos, p. 3CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 52.1Notation, p. 52.2Definitions, p. 7CHAPTER 3MATERIALS, p. 73.1Materials common to both composite and concrete tank types, p.

17、73.2Materials specific to composite tanks, p. 83.3Materials specific to concrete tanks, p. 8CHAPTER 4DESIGN, p. 84.1General recommendations common to both composite and concrete tank types, p. 84.2Load recommendations common to both composite and concrete tank types, p. 104.3Design of components com

18、mon to both composite and concrete tank types, p. 154.4Design of components specific to composite tanks, p. 204.5Design of components specific to all-concrete tanks, p. 22Jeffrey S. Ward, Chair Kenneth Ryan Harvey, SecretaryACI 371R-16Guide for the Analysis, Design, and Construction of Elevated Conc

19、rete and Composite Steel-Concrete Water Storage TanksReported by ACI Committee 371Voting membersKevin A. BinderNoel J. EverardAnthony J. GalterioJohn M. GonzalezCharles S. HanskatM. Reza KianoushAtis A. LiepinsStephen MeierRolf P. PawskiWes PogorzelskiBrian K. RostedtConsulting memberJames D. Copley

20、 Jr.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who

21、 will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in cont

22、ract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 371R-16 supersedes ACI 371R-08 and was adopted and published June 2016.Copyright

23、2016, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use

24、 in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1CHAPTER 5CONSTRUCTION, p. 245.1Construction common to both composite and concrete tank types, p. 245.2Construction specific to composite tanks, p. 285.3Construction specific to c

25、oncrete tanks, p. 29CHAPTER 6GEOTECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS, p. 306.1General, p. 306.2Foundation depth, p. 306.3Settlement limits, p. 306.4Shallow foundations, p. 316.5Deep foundations, p. 316.6Seismic recommendations, p. 326.7Special considerations, p. 32CHAPTER 7APPURTENANCES AND ACCESSORIES, p. 327

26、.1General, p. 327.2Pedestal access, p. 327.3Ventilation, p. 327.4Tank access, p. 347.5Rigging devices for steel vessel, p. 357.6Above-ground piping, p. 367.7Below-ground piping, p. 367.8Interior floors within pedestal, p. 377.9Electrical and lighting, p. 37CHAPTER 8REFERENCES, p. 38Authored referenc

27、es, p. 39APPENDIX AGUIDE SUPPLEMENT, p. 39Preface, p. 39A.1Factored design wind pressures, p. 39A.2Composite steel concrete tank approximate period of vibration derivation, p. 39A.3Pedestal: vertical load capacity derivation, p. 40CHAPTER 1GENERAL1.1IntroductionThis guide provides recommendations fo

28、r the design and construction of elevated concrete and composite steel-concrete water storage tanks based on practices used in successful projects. Elevated tanks are used by municipali-ties and industry for potable water supply and fire protection. Commonly built sizes of elevated concrete and comp

29、osite steel-concrete water storage tanks range from 500,000 to 3,000,000 gal. (1900 to 11,000 m3). Concrete pedestal heights range from 25 to 200 ft (8 to 60 m), depending on water system requirements and site elevation. The interior of the concrete pedestal may be used for material and equip-ment s

30、torage, office space, and other applications.Since the 1970s, concrete-pedestal elevated water storage tanks have been constructed in North America with a steel water-containing element and an all-concrete support structure. The generic term “composite elevated tank” is often used to describe tanks

31、of this configuration. A few all-concrete elevated tanks have been built in the United States throughout the last century, as well as a few elevated prestressed tanks jacked into place. Elevated post-tensioned tanks as detailed in this guide have a long history in Europe, and were introduced to the

32、U.S. market in the 1990s.All-concrete and composite steel concrete elevated tanks are competitively marketed as complete entities, including design, and are constructed under design-build contracts using proprietary designs, details, and methods of construction. The designs, however, are frequently

33、reviewed by owners and their consulting engineers, or by city or county officials.Elevated tanks designed and constructed in accordance with the recommendations of this guide are expected to be durable structures that require only routine maintenance. Details of concrete surfaces that promote good d

34、rainage and avoid low areas conducive to ponding essentially eliminate the problems associated with cyclic freezing and thawing of fresh concrete in cold climates. The quality of concrete for elevated tanks in this guide meets the requirements for durable concrete as defined in ACI 201.2R. It has ad

35、equate strength, a low water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm), and air entrainment for frost exposure. The concrete support structure loads are primarily compressive with little or no cyclic loading with stress reversal.1.2ScopeRecommendations supplement the general requirements for reinforced co

36、ncrete and prestressed concrete design and construction given in ACI 318, ACI 301, ACI 350, and ACI 350.5. Design and construction recommendations include materials, determination of structural loads, design of concrete elements including foundations, design of concrete or steel tank components, con

37、struction requirements, geotechnical requirements, appurtenances, and accessories. Materials, design, fabrication, and construction of the steel vessel of composite steel-concrete tanks are addressed by applicable sections of AWWA D100.Design and construction recommendations are presented for the ty

38、pes of elevated concrete and composite steel-concrete water storage tanks shown in Fig. 1.2a and 1.2b. The elevated concrete tank consists of a post-tensioned concrete vessel on a cast-in-place concrete pedestal. The composite steel-concrete tank consists of a steel vessel on a cast-in-place concret

39、e pedestal.This guide may be used in whole or part for other tank configurations; however, the designer should determine the suitability of such use for other configurations and details.1.3Construction documentsConstruction documents should show all features of the work, including:(a) Tank capacity(

40、b) Codes and standards used in design(c) Design basis and loads used in design(d) Size and position of structural components and reinforcement(e) Structural details(f) Specified concrete compressive strengthAmerican Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 ELEVATED CONCRETE AND COMP

41、OSITE STEEL-CONCRETE WATER STORAGE TANKS (ACI 371R-16)(g) Strength or grade of reinforcement and structural steelWhere the tank builder is providing both design and construction of the tank, full calculations detailing the struc-tural aspects of the tank should be provided to the owner or owners age

42、nt.1.4Sample tank photosThis section presents photographs of numerous varieties of tanks (Fig. 1.4a to 1.4h).Fig. 1.2aCommon configuration of elevated concrete tanks.Fig. 1.2bCommon configuration of elevated composite steel-concrete tanks.Fig. 1.4aCompleted composite elevated tank (photo cour-tesy o

43、f Landmark).American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.orgELEVATED CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE WATER STORAGE TANKS (ACI 371R-16) 3Fig. 1.4cCompleted composite elevated tanks (photo courtesy of Caldwell Tanks, Inc.).Fig. 1.4dCompleted concrete elevated tank (photo cour-te

44、sy of Crom LLC).Fig. 1.4eConstruction of composite elevated tank (photo courtesy of Landmark).Fig. 1.4bCompleted composite elevated tank (photo cour-tesy of CBI).American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org4 ELEVATED CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE WATER STORAGE TANKS (ACI

45、 371R-16)CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1NotationA = areaAc= area of gross section of pedestalAcv= concrete shear area of a section, in.2(mm2)Af= horizontal projected area of a portion of the struc-ture where the wind force coefficient Cfand the wind pressure pzare constant, in.2(mm2)Ag= gross c

46、oncrete area of a section, in.2(mm2)As= area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, in.2(mm2)At= cross-sectional area of vessel at mid-depth of waterAw= gross horizontal cross-sectional concrete area of wall, in.2(mm2), per unit length of circumference, ft (m)bd= width of a doorway or other openin

47、g, in. (mm)bv= equivalent shear wall length not to exceed 0.78dw, in. (mm)bx= cumulative opening width in a distance of bv, in. (mm)C = buckling parameter for thin metal cylinders that buckle with diamond-shaped patternCc= spectral acceleration of sloshing liquidCe= eccentricity coefficient that acc

48、ounts for the resul-tant of factored axial load being eccentric to the centroid of the pedestal thicknessCes= snow load exposure factorCf= wind force coefficientCs= seismic response coefficientCsm= modal seismic design coefficient for mode mCvx= seismic distribution factorCvxm= seismic distribution

49、factor of the m-th modecc= clear cover from the nearest surface in tension to the surface of the flexural torsion reinforcement, in. (mm)D = dead loadDt= tank diameter at the water surface, ft (m)dc= distance from the closest face to the centroid of the tension reinforcement, in. (mm)dw= mean diameter of concrete pedestal, ft (m)E = combined effect of horizontal and vertical earth-quake forcesEc= modulus of elasticity for concrete, psi (MPa)Ecr= modulus of elasticity for concrete to allow for microcracking and cr