ACI 362.1R-2012 Guide for the Design and Construction of Durable Concrete Parking Structures.pdf

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1、ACI 362.1R-12Guide for the Design and Construction of Durable Concrete Parking StructuresReported by ACI Committee 362First PrintingSeptember 2012Guide for the Design and Construction of Durable Concrete Parking StructuresCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights

2、 reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguiti

3、es, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are

4、 requested to contact ACI via the errata website at www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the signif

5、icance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the mate-rial it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All informati

6、on in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, includ-ing but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including

7、 any special, indirect, incidental, or con-sequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific cir

8、cumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations,

9、 including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the develop-ment of Institute standards does not constitute governmental e

10、ndorsement of ACI or the standards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revise

11、d ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgISBN-13: 978-0-87031-785-9ISBN: 0-87031-785-7 American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeThis guide presents desi

12、gn and construction criteria used to improve the durability of concrete parking structures. Emphasis is placed on key design criteria unique to parking structures, including structural systems, materials, structural design, durability, and construction. Also covered are cast-in-place nonprestressed

13、concrete, cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete, and precast/prestressed concrete structural systems for use in parking structures.Keywords: concrete durability; construction; corrosion; curing; finishes; freezing-and-thawing resistance; nonprestressed reinforcement; parking structures; post-tension

14、ing; precast concrete; prestressed concrete.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 21.1Introduction1.2ScopeChapter 2Definitions, p. 2Chapter 3Structural systems, p. 23.1General3.2Cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete systems3.3Cast-in-place reinforced (nonprestressed) concrete systems3.4Precast

15、/prestressed concrete systems3.5Steel and concrete hybrid composite systems3.6Vehicle guardrail3.7Pedestrian guardrail3.8Below-grade parking structuresGuide for the Design and Construction of Durable Concrete Parking StructuresReported by ACI Committee 362Keith W. Jacobson*, Chair Erich L. Martz, Se

16、cretaryRalph T. BrownGirdhari L. ChhabraNed M. ClelandThomas J. DArcy*James P. DonnellyThomas J. Downs*Boris DragunskyGregory F. ForceHarry A. GleichMohammad IqbalHoward R. May*Martin B. MikulaDavid C. MonroeThomas E. NehilCarl A. Peterson*Kurt WagnerH. Carl Walker*Thomas G. Weil*Chapter authors and

17、 members of the draft review committee.ACI 362.1R-121ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limit

18、ations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Ref

19、erence to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 362.1R-12 supersedes ACI 362.1R-

20、97 and was adopted and published September 2012.Copyright 2012, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral,

21、 or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.Chapter 4Materials, p. 64.1General4.2Concrete4.3Nonprestressed reinforcement and reinforcement accessories4.4Prestressing

22、4.5Embedded items4.6Surface treatments4.7Joint materialsChapter 5Structural design, p. 105.1Design criteria5.2Lateral-load-resisting systems5.3Vehicle barriers and guardrails5.4Deflection and camber5.5Restraint5.6Other design requirementsChapter 6Durability, p. 136.1General6.2Drainage6.3Design crite

23、ria tablesChapter 7Construction, p. 207.1General7.2Cast-in-place concrete construction7.3Precast concrete construction7.4Moisture protection7.5Quality control by contractor/quality assurance by ownerChapter 8References, p. 22CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThis guide addresses the desi

24、gn and construction of durable concrete parking structures.Parking structures are different from other concrete buildings due to their:a) Reduced roofing, cladding, and climate control that result in a more severe direct or indirect exposure to rain, snow, sunlight, temperature variations, and airbo

25、rne chloridesb) Vehicular occupancy that imposes heavy moving loads and deposits deicing saltsc) Ramps between floors for vehicular circulation and enhanced drainage that present unique structural challengesd) Large plan size that magnifies the potential for damage caused by restraint of movements a

26、nd forces associated with volumetric changesAll are factors that influence the durability of parking structures and require consideration in their design. Main-tenance of parking structures is essential to durability and longevity. For more information, refer to ACI 362.2R-00.1.2ScopeThe purpose of

27、this guide is to provide specific informa-tion on several of the design aspects and the construction of parking structures that differentiates them from other concrete structures. This guide should be used with ACI 318-11, ACI specifications, and ACI standards.Environmental conditions of the geograp

28、hic location of a parking structure determine the governing criteria used in this guide. Environmental conditions include structure proximity to sea water and frequency of exposure to direct and indirect applications of deicing salts and freezing temperatures. Once the appropriate environmental cond

29、itions are determined, this guide provides the necessary durability criteria for parking structure design and construction. Parking structures inte-grally constructed with surrounding earth-retaining walls or other restraining structures require additional analysis of the restraining forces and late

30、ral soil loads.CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONSACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology” (http:/terminology.concrete.org). Definitions provided herein complement that resource.corrosion inhibitora chemical compound, either liquid or powder, usually i

31、ntermixed in concrete and sometimes applied to concrete, and that effectively decreases corrosion of steel reinforcement.deicerchemical such as sodium or calcium chloride, used to melt ice or snow on slabs and pavements by lowering the freezing point.guardrail, pedestrianelement at the edge of an op

32、en-sided walking surface, intended to restrain a pedestrian from falling from the structure to an adjacent lower surface.guardrail, vehicleelement at the edge of the driving and parking surface, intended to restrain a vehicle from falling from the structure to an adjacent lower surface.membrane, tra

33、ffic-bearingan elastomeric coating capable of withstanding vehicular traffic.pour stripa defined zone of concrete placed after and used to temporarily separate adjoining parts of the structure that have been constructed.pretoppedplant-manufactured, precast, prestressed concrete floor or roof members

34、 that do not require a field-placed concrete topping.tooled jointa groove tooled into fresh concrete using a concrete jointer tool to create a weakened plane intended to control the location of cracks.CHAPTER 3STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS3.1GeneralStructural concrete is an ideal material to meet the demands o

35、f parking structure construction and mainte-nance. It is specifically recognized by the International Code Council (ICC) (2009 ICC International Building Code) as an appropriate noncombustible material for parking garage construction. In addition to proper design and construction, a disciplined long

36、-term preventive maintenance program is required from the time a parking structure begins operation to ensure the structure will meet service life goals.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 GUIDE FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DURABLE CONCRETE PARKING STRUCTURES (ACI

37、 362.1R-12)3.1.1 The effects of geographic location; volume changes, which include elastic shortening, creep, shrinkage, and temperature change; and restraint are critical considerations when designing and constructing a parking structure.3.1.2 The requirements of governing building codes should be

38、considered when selecting a structural system. Special loading criteria, fire resistance, and other local regu-lations might apply.3.1.3 In addition to general design requirements for strength and serviceability included in ACI 318-11, there are specific concrete cover and crack control requirements

39、 in aggressive environments that are applicable to parking structures.3.1.4 Structural concrete systems used for parking structures include cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete, cast-in-place nonprestressed concrete, and precast/prestressed concrete.3.2Cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete systemsP

40、ost-tensioning is achieved by using high-strength steel strand or bar enclosed in sheathing or ducts within hard-ened concrete to introduce forces into a structure in addi-tion to those induced by gravity, wind, and seismic loads. Post-tensioning forces are used to counteract gravity loads, reduce t

41、ensile stresses, and reduce cracking and deflections. Post-tensioned spans may be longer for a given member size compared with concrete with nonprestressed reinforce-ment only. Post-tensioning typically improves durability by reducing cracking in beams and slabs.3.2.1 The quantity of post-tensioning

42、 and nonprestressed reinforcing steel provided in the structure should be based on the required load-carrying capacity and serviceability requirements. Minimum precompression stresses should meet the provisions of Chapter 6. High average prestressing increases elastic and creep shortening and, where

43、 signifi-cant restraint exists, increases the probability of cracking in horizontal elements and flexure and shear cracking in columns and walls. The average precompression is typically 200 psi (1.4 MPa) or less in slabs, and 350 psi (2.5 MPa) or less in beams. It is not uncommon to increase precomp

44、res-sion to 300 psi (2.1 MPa) in slabs and 500 psi (3.5 MPa) in beams in local regions of long spans or special geometry. Post-tensioning typically improves durability by reducing cracking in slabs and beams.3.2.2 Cast-in-place post-tensioned slabs with thicknesses less than 5 in. (127 mm) have not

45、performed well in parking structures and should be avoided. Slabs thinner than 5 in. (127 mm) are particularly susceptible to cracking and dete-rioration, high surface tensile stresses, and loss of flexural capacity due to the tolerance on reinforcement location.3.2.3 To reduce slab crack widths, no

46、nprestressed reinforcement should be provided in areas of high tensile stress, limited in size (No. 4 No. 13 or No. 5 No. 16 in slabs), and uniformly distributed. Refer to Chapter 5 for additional information on restraint and volume change.3.2.4 Preferably, use products from a certified production f

47、acility, including Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI)-certified plants.3.3Cast-in-place reinforced (nonprestressed) concrete systemsCast-in-place concrete without prestressing can be used successfully for parking garage construction. Nonprestressed systems eliminate the volume changes due to elastic sh

48、ort-ening and axial creep from prestressing, but remain subject to restraint effects due to volume changes from shrinkage and temperature change. Although the design of nonpre-stressed concrete systems may be simpler than those with prestressing, additional care is required to provide design for cra

49、ck control because both gravity loads and volume change restraint can lead to cracking.3.3.1 Nonprestressed cast-in-place slabs with thicknesses less than 5 in. (127 mm) have not performed well in parking structures. Slabs thinner than 5 in. (127 mm) are particu-larly susceptible to cracking and deterioration, high surface tensile stresses, and loss of flexural capacity due to the toler-ance on reinforcement location.3.4Precast/prestressed concrete systemsPrecast/prestressed concrete is achieved by casting concrete around high-s