大学四级-79及答案解析.doc

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1、大学四级-79 及答案解析(总分：693.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.1. 有些人认为老人应该和子女生活在一起，有些人不同意这一看法； 2. 你认为哪种做法合适，说出你的理由。 BOlder People Living with Adult Children/B（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)BCoping with Stress/BIn modern times, we human beings have to use thoughts and actions to d

2、eal with stressful situations and lower our stress levels. Many people have a characteristic way of coping with stress based on their personality. People who cope well with stress tend to believe they can personally influence what happens to them. They usually make more positive statements about the

3、mselves, resist frustration, remain optimistic, and persevere even under extremely adverse circumstances. Most importantly, they choose the appropriate strategies to cope with the stressors (紧张性刺激) they confront. Conversely, people who cope poorly with stress tend to have somewhat opposite personali

4、ty characteristics, such as lower self-esteem and a pessimistic outlook on life.BCoping strategies/BPsychologists distinguish two broad types of coping strategies: problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. The goal of both strategies is to control ones stress level. In problem-focused copin

5、g, people try to alleviate (减轻 , 缓和) negative emotions by taking some action to modify, avoid, or minimize the threatening situation. They change their behavior to deal with the stressful situation. In emotion-focused coping, people try to directly moderate or eliminate unpleasant emotions. Examples

6、 of emotion-focused coping include rethinking the situation in a positive. way, relaxation, denial, and wishful thinking.To understand these strategies, consider the example of a premed (医学院预科) student in college who faces three difficult final examinations in a single week. She knows she must get t

7、op grades in order to have a chance at acceptance to medical school. This situation is a potential source of stress, To cope, she could organize a study group and master the course materials systematically (problem-focused coping). Or she could decide that she needs to relax and collect herself for

8、an hour or so (emotion-focused coping) before proceeding with an action plan (problem-focused coping). She might also decide to watch television for hours on end to prevent having to think about or study for her exams (emotion-focused coping).In general, problem-focused coping is the most effective

9、coping strategy when people have realistic opportunities to change aspects of their situation and reduce stress. Emotion-focused coping is most useful as a short-term strategy. It can help reduce ones excitement level before engaging in problem- solving and taking action, and it can help people deal

10、 with stressful situations in which there are few problem-focused coping options.BSocial support/BSupport from friends, family members, and others who care for us goes a long way in helping us to get by in times of trouble. Social support systems provide us with emotional sustenance (支持), handy reso

11、urces and aid, and information when we are in need. People with social support feel cared about and valued by others and feel a sense of belonging to a larger social network.A large body of research has linked social support to good health and a superior ability to cope with stress. For example, one

12、 long-term study of several thousand California residents found that people with extensive social ties lived longer than those with few close social contacts. Another study found that heart-attack victims who lived alone were nearly twice as likely to have another heart attack as those who lived wit

13、h someone. Even the perception of social support can help people cope with stress. Studies have found that peoples appraisal (评价) of the availability of social support is more closely related to how well they deal with stressors than the actual amount of support they receive or the size of their soc

14、ial network.Research also suggests that the companionship of animals can help lower stress. For example, one study found that in times of stress, people with pet dogs made fewer visits to the doctor than those without pets.BBiofeedback/BBiofeedback (生物反馈) is a technique in which people learn volunta

15、ry control of stress-related physiological responses, such as skin temperature, muscle tension, blood pressure, and heart rate. Normally, people cannot control these responses voluntarily. In biofeedback training, people are connected to an instrument or machine that measures a particular physiologi

16、cal response, such as heart rate, and feeds that measurement back to them in an understandable way. For example, the machine might beep with each heartbeat or display the number of heartbeats per minute on a digital screen. Next, individuals learn to be sensitive to subtle changes inside their body

17、that affect the response system being measured. Gradually, they learn to produce changes in that response system - for example, to voluntarily lower their heart rate. Typically individuals use different techniques and proceed by trial and error until they discover a way to produce the desired change

18、s.Biofeedback has become a widely used and generally accepted technique for producing relaxation and lowering physiological arousal (唤醒) in patients with stress-related disorders. One use of biofeedback is in the. treatment of tension headaches. By learning to lower muscle tension in the head and ne

19、ck, many tension headache sufferers can find long-term relief.BRelaxation/BIn addition to biofeedback, two other major methods of relaxation are progressive muscular relaxation and meditation(深思). Progressive muscular relaxation involves systematically tensing and then relaxing different groups of v

20、oluntary muscles, while directing ones attention toward the contrasting sensations produced by the two procedures. After practicing progressive muscular relaxation, individuals become increasingly sensitive to rising tension levels and can produce the relaxation response during everyday activities (

21、often by repeating a cue word, such as calm, to themselves).Meditation, in addition to teaching relaxation, is designed to achieve subjective goals such as contemplation, wisdom, and altered states of consciousness. One of the most common forms of meditation, as is said, involves focusing attention

22、on and repeating a word, sound, or phrase thought to have particularly calming properties.Both progressive muscle relaxation and meditation reliably reduce stress-related excitement. They have been used successfully to treat a range of stress-related disorders, such as tension headaches and chronic

23、pain.BAerobic exercise/BAerobic(增氧健身的) exercise - such as running, walking, biking, and skiing- can help keep stress levels down. Because aerobic exercise increases the endurance of the heart and lungs, an aerobically fit individual will have a lower heart rate at rest and lower blood pressure, less

24、 reactivity to stressors, and quicker recovery from stressors. In addition, studies show that people who exercise regularly have higher self-esteem and suffer less from anxiety and depression than comparable people who are not aerobically fit. The American College of Sports Medicine recommends exerc

25、ising three to four times a week for at least 20 minutes to reduce the risk of heart attack and other diseases.（分数：70.00）(1).The purpose of the passage is to provide different ways for people to tackle the state of extreme pressure or strain.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).Maintaining confidence and lighthearte

26、d mood is very effective to relieve peoples stress.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Emotion-focused coping is a way in which people make every effort to get the negative circumstances under control so as to reduce their stress.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).The passage takes a premed student as an example to illustrate the

27、 difficulty in relieving stress.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).Support and concern from others provides a sense of belonging.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Social life imposes much stress on people and does harm to their health.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).Scientists have applied biofeedback mechanisms to treat high blood pressur

28、e and heart attack.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).People generally use the strategy of _ to alleviate stress if they cannot change the circumstances immediately.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).People who want to actively control the responses of their body under stress should learn the technique of _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).

29、According to an American College, regular exercises for no less than _ a week are needed for good health.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard,（分数：56.00）A.The clothes are not cleaned.B.He doesnt intend to get the clothes

30、.C.The woman should not watch him.D.The woman does not look good.A.The style of womans sweater can be seen everywhere.B.The man saw Jill wearing the sweater.C.She has never worn the sweater before.D.She seldom borrows Jills clothes.A.She got more than one job offers.B.She was the first one to get an

31、 offer.C.She also was offered a job.D.She got more offers than the man.A.He cant see things clearly.B.His eye doesnt hurt very much.C.Hes feeling under weather.D.His eye heals very quickly.A.Dan has got them.B.Dan took care of them.C.Gloria forgot about them.D.Gloria has sent them out.A.She prefers

32、taking hills when traveling.B.Shed rather take travelers checks than cash.C.She doesnt have travelers cheeks in her wallet.D.Its convenient to take some cash with her.A.There are not many boxes left.B.The boxes might be too heavy for her to lift.C.He wants to know how heavy each box is.D.He has fini

33、shed taking the boxes home.A.The office will mail the mans birth certificate.B.The office will not give out birth certificates any more.C.The man is not qualified to get birth certificate.D.The man will have to apply for his birth certificate in writing.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversati

34、on you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Sightseeing.B.Taking photographs.C.Enjoying sunshine.D.Diving.A.Biology.B.Photography.C.Swimming.D.Painting.A.He would have been on a field trip.B.He would have been swimming and enjoying the sunshine.C.He would have been studying most of the time.D.He would have b

35、een staying in the house.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.How to measure metals.B.A standard unit for measuring weight.C.The price of precious metals.D.How to use the metric system.A.To cheek the accuracy of scales.B.To see the quality of other metals.

36、C.To measure changes in the air.D.To measure the length of metal.A.It was damaged.B.It was made of low quality metal.C.It was lost.D.The standard of the country had changed.A.It is too expensive for such a metal.B.It is priceless for such an object.C.It is reasonable for such an important object.D.I

37、t is too cheap for such a precious metal.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Because the shape of snow crystal(晶体) is still a mystery for experts.B.Because the snowfall is a blessing for human beings.C.Because expert

38、s have different ideas about the formation of snowflakes.D.Because it is not easy to judge the time or place of snowfall.A.Area.B.Temperature.C.Climate.D.SeasonA.Snow crystals may stick together to make a snowflake.B.Dusts may join together to form a snowflake.C.Snowflakes is produced by snow storms

39、.D.Raindrops may freeze to form snowflakes.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.In 1930s.B.In 1970s.C.In 1940s.D.In 1980s.A.A worker can invest 4,500 into IRA while he can put only 4,000 into the pension.B.The .saver of IRA can decide the investme

40、nt of the account.C.In IRA savings can be withdrawn freely and this is not allowed in pension.D.Money put in IRAs will be taxed and money in pension is tax-free.A.The money will be taxed like expenditure.B.The account holder will be fined.C.He might be fired by his working place.D.He might be preven

41、ted from claiming tax reductions.BPassage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.People may use portable laptop computers to listen to music.B.People may set them at high volume when they listen to music.C.People may listen to music while walking on the st

42、reet.D.People may use large earphone when they listen to music.A.iPods, CD players and Walkman.B.CD players, radio and laptop computers.C.Radio, Walkman and laptop computers.D.CD players, iPods and laptop computers.A.Because small earplugs are less effective in music transmission.B.Because small ear

43、plugs are provided by most music players.C.Because large earphones may better block off outside noise.D.Because large earphones may offer a louder music sound.A.Because hearing loss can not be recovered.B.Because hearing loss may cause other diseases.C.Because half of American students have hearing

44、loss problems.D.Because one third of Americans lost their hearing.五、BSection C/B(总题数：1，分数：77.00)The origin of Earths moon, the largest moon in the U(36) /U system, is still something of a mystery. There are some theories about its origin however. Now, keep in mind that a theory of the moons origin h

45、as to be U(37) /U with two important facts. The first fact is that the Earth U(38) /U a lot of iron, most of it has an iron core. But the moon contains U(39) /U no iron. The second fact is that other than the difference in iron content, the moon and Earth are U(40) /U of the same minerals, a U(41) /

46、U not shared with any other planet or moon in our solar system. One of the earliest theories of the moons origin, I called it the Capture Theory, proposes that the moon was somehow captured by Earths gravitational force. This theory is improbable, U(42) /U, because it assumes that the moon and Earth

47、 formed in different parts of the solar system. If this was true you would U(43) /U the moons composition to be much different from Earths composition, just as all the other planets in the solar system are so different from Earth. U(44) /U. It is sometimes referred to as the Mars Theory, because acc

48、ording to this theory, when Earth was still in formation, U(45) /U . The impact caused the cores of the two planets to melt together and chunks of Earths crest to be thrown out into space. These chunks came together to form the moon. Now, remember, Earths crust is low in iron, because the iron is in Earths core, but high in various other minerals. U(46) /U.（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_