GRE14及答案解析.doc

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1、GRE14及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.Performing rote memory exercises rarely improves the -|_|-of any given subject, but -|_|-may nevertheless be useful to the student preparing for an examination.（分数：1.00）A.coherence . exercisesB.clarity . heuristicsC.comprehensibilit

2、y . mnemonicsD.succinctness . explicationE.volubility . summarization2.The -|_|-employed in this book is overly flamboyant, -|_|-the scientific proof intended to corroborate it.（分数：1.00）A.structure . exaggeratingB.organization . simplifyingC.rhetoric . inflatingD.hypothesis . outdistancingE.explanat

3、ion . galvanizing3.We must learn to -|_|-sentences and to analyze the grammar of our text, for there is no -|_|-to the grammar of poetry, to the nerve and sinew of the poem, if one is blind to the poetry of grammar.（分数：1.00）A.limn introductionB.master obstacleC.subordinate keyD.parse accessE.osculat

4、e clarity4.Almost all recognize that non-scientists as well as laymen are interested in sciences, yet scientists have been trying to classify only those who are involved in -|_|-scientific practices as genuine scientists, -|_|-the more inclusive view.（分数：1.00）A.authentic . articulatingB.rigorous . u

5、nconvinced ofC.specialized . sympathetic toD.broad . certain ofE.democratic . rejecting5.This writing is clearly the product of -|_|-art, but it has the flame of spontaneity and the grit of independence both as to mode and spirit.（分数：1.00）A.passionateB.criticalC.sedulousD.interestingE.considerable6.

6、This thing called love is a total mystery, and the -|_|-of passion and despair that accompanies every romantic devotion may keep one eternally perplexed.（分数：1.00）A.coagulationB.requitalC.admixtureD.instabilityE.vagaries7.Although most people who acquire West Nile have no -|_|-and those who do normal

7、ly suffer little more than flu-like illness, it is believed they still can carry -|_|-amounts of the virus in their blood for several days.（分数：1.00）A.recourse negligibleB.symptoms minuteC.cure significantD.fever activeE.hope incipient二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)The Headland Hypothesis argues that fora

8、ging or non-agricultural tribes have been unable to collect adequate carbohydrates in the rain forest due to its lack of starch producing species, and were thus forced to develop trade relationships with agriculturalists. This hypothesis has been shown to rest on impossibly idealized conceptions of

9、virgin rain forest, forager behavior and history, such that one may argue something diametrically different: millennia of trade relationships with agricultural peoples have led to changes in forager behaviors and in the composition of the forests they inhabit. Supposing that humans modify their envi

10、ronments in ways that are generally favorable toward their continued survival, it follows that an increased reliance on agriculturalists for carbohydrates might lead to the gradual disappearance of rain forest starches. Horticulturalists are likely to dedicate the majority of their efforts toward st

11、aple starch crops such as rice or wheat, which in some environments may provide a more efficient source of carbohydrates than does foraging. Foragers, then, would be inclined to assume the “professional primitive“ role, and trade more tasty and nutritious rain forest resources such as meat and fruit

12、 in exchange for carbohydrates, as Headland himself observed in a multitude of cultures around the world. Foragers may have also lost some of their knowledge and technologies related to carbohydrate extraction from the rain forest, and the carbohydrate-rich rain forest species may have arrested thei

13、r co-evolution with foragers, leaving the impression that rain forests have always possessed insufficient quantities of such resources to support humans. A co-evolutionary argument is not, however, necessary to this line of reasoning, for rain forests may adapt purely in terms of the quantity and av

14、ailability of extant carbohydrate-rich species, as the case of sago palms evinces in two ways. Firstly, the selective harvesting of some trees has been shown to have a “thinning“ effect which helps the species to gain sunlight and to thrive, positively affecting its long-term survival, reproduction

15、and distribution at the expense of carbohydrate-rich species. Secondly, the sago palm has two means of reproduction: vegetatively, or through “suckers“, and through seed disbursal, which whether intentional and inadvertent is likely to increase when humans are harvesting the trees. Although sago pal

16、ms are particularlv nrevalent in the areas where, for instance the Penan foragers exploit it, there has been no study to show that this would remain the case if the Penan were to move, or to cease exploiting the trees. Admittedly, this response to the Headland Hypothesis has problems, for not all ca

17、rbohydrate producing species are disbursed by seeds, nor have they all been shown to benefit from human foraging behaviors. Theories of co-evolution do, however, predict that such relationships would be likely to evolve, and the simple fact that disturbing the rain forest through fire, sago harvesti

18、ng, and countless other means available to foragers can lead to better environments for carbohydrate growth, illustrates that significant changes could have occurred in much less time than one might expect. （分数：0.98）(1).The passage is primarily concerned with discussing（分数：0.14）A.how anthropologists

19、 ought to explain the origins of the trade relationship between foragers and agriculturalistsB.why it is difficult to measure the amount of time necessary for the disappearance of carbohydrate-rich plant species in the rain forestC.why a particular account of the unavailability of carbohydrates to r

20、ain forest foragers is inaccurateD.what ought to be included in any account of the effects of forager peoples on rain forest ecologyE.what data are most relevant for an accurate account of the relations between rain forest foragers and agriculturalists(2).The author of the passage mentions which of

21、the following as posing an alternative to the Headland Hypothesis?（分数：0.14）A.Rain forests have always possessed insufficient quantities of carbohydrate-rich resources to support foragers without the aid of agriculturalists.B.The difficulty of raising carbohydrate-rich plant species in certain areas

22、of the rain forest may have led to the arrest of those species co-evolution.C.Trade relationships between agriculturalists and foragers may have been the cause of the disappearance of certain carbohydrate-rich plant species, not vice-versa.D.Foragers may have been willing to trade carbohydrate-rich

23、plants in exchange for the more nutritious food products of agriculturalists.E.Environmental changes in rain forest composition may have led to the loss of certain foraging techniques.(3).The information in the passage suggests that advocates of the Headland Hypothesis discussed in the passage made

24、which of the following errors?（分数：0.14）A.Failing to recognize the reciprocal relationship between foraging practices and the availability of carbohydrate-rich speciesB.Attributing the trade relations between agriculturalists and foragers to the differences in the nutritional qualities of various rai

25、n forest food productsC.Overemphasizing the importance of carbohydrate-rich species to the diet of rain forest foragersD.Interpreting changes in rain-forest composition to the willingness of agriculturalists to trade with foragersE.Failing to observe the role of seed-disbursal in the ecological succ

26、ess of the sago palm(4).The author of the passage mentions the “professional primitive role“ (line 15) assumed by foragers in their relationships with agriculturalists primarily in order to -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.inform the reader of the potential cause of certain changes in rain forest compositionB.sugge

27、st that foragers may have developed agricultural practices, then abandoned them in order to focus on more specialized food-gathering practicesC.explain why certain food gathering practices may be less efficient sources of carbohydrates than othersD.introduce new evidence for the interdependence betw

28、een agriculturalists and foragers in the rain forest economyE.suggest that certain rain forest food products are healthier than others, though more difficult to obtain through foraging(5).According to the passage, the case of the Penan foragers cultivation of the sago palm fails to indicate that -|_

29、|-.（分数：0.14）A.a co-evolutionary argument is unnecessary to establishing that rain-forest adaptation is the effect of human interventionB.plant-species inimical to carbohydrate-rich species would continue to thrive without the practices of foraging peoplesC.the “thinning“ effect produced by the Penan

30、s foraging practice is responsible for the sago palms long-term survivalD.the Penan have justification for abandoning the exploitation of sago palms or relocating to more carbohydrate-rich areasE.rain forests may evolve as a result of the quantity and availability of extant carbohydrate-rich species

31、(6).The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.summarize the main point of the refutation to the argument discussed in the passageB.explain why the hypothesis under criticism in the passage has been disparaged by criticsC.suggest an alternate explanation that undermines

32、the premises of the hypothesis critiqued in the passageD.introduce a hypothesis that will be discussed in detail later in the passageE.present evidence that is intended to qualify the critique of the hypothesis being discussed in the passage(7).The tone of the author of the passage in describing the

33、ories of co-evolution can best be described as one of -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.appreciation of the theorys ability to explain the disappearance of certain carbohydrate-rich plant speciesB.admiration for the theorys refutation of the seed-disbursal theory of the disappearance of the carbohydrate-rich plant s

34、peciesC.skepticism toward the theorys ability to account for the evolution of trade relations between agriculturalists and foragersD.annoyance at the theorys failure to account for such phenomenon as the success of the sago palmE.concern that the theory may be insufficient to discredit the Headland

35、HypothesisHitherto, there is no evidence yet that would definitively prove whether or not some dinosaurs were warm-blooded, but scientists have begun to investigate oxygen isotopic abundances in the annual growth bands of teeth or bones of high Line latitude, hence seasonally influenced, terrestrial

36、 dinosaurs. The ratio of oxygen isotopes depends on temperature, and an absence of seasonal variations in oxygen 18a heavy version of the common oxygen 16 atomwould strongly suggest that the animals maintained a constant internal temperatures. Such a finding would not, however, constitute “proof“ th

37、at dinosaurs were warm blooded, as there are external mechanisms that cold-blooded animals employ to regulate body temperatures and thereby influence metabolic rates. More nettlesome is that proof would have to come from discovery of intact dinosaur remains in which the soft tissue had not been repl

38、aced or altered, and from which the biomolecules responsible for thermoregulation could be extracted identified and characterized. Such a proof is unlikely, as it would require an almost impossible level of preservation over 65 million years, plus the advent of biotechnology that does not yet exist.

39、（分数：-1.00）(1).The authors primary purpose is to_.（分数：-0.25）A.answer a theoretical question in the field of dinosaur thermoregulationB.discuss the current state of research in the field of dinosaur thermoregulationC.resolve a dispute in the field of dinosaur thermoregulation researchD.predict a futur

40、e crisis in the field of dinosaur thermoregulation researchE.suggest some of the possible benefits of a technique in dinosaur thermoregulation research(2).According to the passage, the most severe problem currently facing scientists in conclusively determining whether certain dinosaurs were warm-blo

41、oded is_.（分数：-0.25）A.proving that thermoregulation is the primary means by which metabolic rates are influencedB.developing a way of distinguishing between oxygen 18 and oxygen 16C.showing that an absence of seasonal variation in oxygen 16 implies a constant internal temperatureD.finding a sample of

42、 dinosaur tissue which has survived 65 million years in a relatively intact formE.determining which species of dinosaurs were most likely to be warm-blooded, and focusing research there(3).The passage suggests which of the following about the hypothetical discovery of an absence of seasonal variatio

43、ns in oxygen 18 molecules? . It would not prove that certain dinosaurs were capable of regulating their temperatures internally. . One likely source of such a discovery would come from annual growth bands of dinosaur teeth. . The fact that no biotechnology yet exists to elucidate thermoregulation bi

44、ochemistry proves such a discovery is impossible. . The discovery would be profound, because oxygen 18 is only found in fossil records where there is seasonal variation. （分数：-0.25）A. and onlyB. and onlyC. and onlyD.and onlyE., , and only(4).The author refers to “external mechanisms“ primarily in ord

45、er to_.（分数：-0.25）A.suggest that a biochemical analysis of dinosaur thermoregulation might be a waste of timeB.suggest that other means than warm-bloodedness may account for evidence of dinosaur thermoregulationC.explain why scientists are interested in looking for an absence of seasonal variations i

46、n oxygen 18 tracesD.suggest that metabolic rates, not warm-bloodedness, may have been the key factor in certain dinosaurs survivalE.imply that other factors beside temperature may dictate the ratio of oxygen isotopes四、SECTION 3(总题数：9，分数：9.00)8.ENTHUSIASM: MANIA : :（分数：1.00）A.loathing: neurosisB.cons

47、ideration: generosityC.irritation: phobiaD.suspicion: paranoiaE.sweetness: mellifluousness9.DITCH: CANYON : :（分数：1.00）A.geyser: springB.burrow: cavernC.peninsula: estuaryD.archipelago: islandE.ridge: furrow10.PREVARICATE: TRUTH : :（分数：1.00）A.expound: incoherenceB.invent: exculpationC.involve: disclo

48、sureD.equivocate: commitmentE.substantiate: fabrication11.DESSICATE: LIQUID: :（分数：1.00）A.imprison: freedomB.plunder: valuablesC.suffocate: oxygenD.refrain: repetitionE.prohibit: development12.DISSENTER: DOGMA : :（分数：1.00）A.profligate: doctrineB.patriot: convictionC.nonconformist: normD.optimist: guideE.barrister: reason13.PERFIDY: LOYAL : :（分数：1.00）A.exorbitance: moderateB.perjury: ardentC.affection: faithfulD.precision: accurateE.loathing: comely14.RETARD: BRAKE : :（分数：1.00）A.raise: craneB.crash: shatterC.estimate: adjustD.examine: distendE.document: compare15.