【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-5及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-5 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)College sports in the United States are a huge deal. Almost all major American universities have football, baseball, basketball and hockey programs, and (1) millions of dollars each year to sports. Most of them earn millions (

2、2) as well, in television revenues, sponsorships. They also benefit (3) from the added publicity they get via their teams. Big-name universities (4) each other in the most popular sports. Football games at Michigan regularly (5) crowds of over 20, 000. Basketballs national collegiate championship ga

3、me is a TV (6) on a par with any other sporting event in the United States, (7) perhaps the Super Bowl itself. At any given time during fall or winter one can (8) ones TV set and see the top athletic programs from schools like Michigan, UCLA, Duke and Stanford (9) in front of packed houses and natio

4、nal TV audiences.The athletes themselves are (10) and provided with scholarships. College coaches identify (11) teenagers and then go into high schools to (12) the countrys best players to attend their universities. There are strict rules about (13) coaches can recruit no recruiting calls after 9 p.

5、 m., only one official visit to a campus but they are often bent and sometimes (14) . Top college football programs (15) scholarships to 20 or 30 players each year, and those student-athletes, when they arrive (16) campus, receive free housing, tuition, meals, books, etc.In return, the players (17)

6、the program in their sport. Football players at top colleges (18) two hours a day, four days a week from January to April. In summer, its back to strength and agility training four days a week until mid-August, when camp (19) and preparation for the opening of the September-to-December season begins

7、 (20) . During the season, practices last two or three hours a day from Tuesday to Friday. Saturday is game day. Mondays are an officially mandated day of rest.（分数：10.00）(1).A attribute B distribute C devote D attach（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A out B by C in D back（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A apparently B indir

8、ectly C regularly D greatly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A compete for B compete in C compete against D compete over（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A draw B amuse C govern D handle（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A spectator B spectacle C spectrum D speculation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A save B including C even D and（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8

9、).A flick on B flap at C fling away D flush out（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A fighting B campaigning C battling D contesting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A recruited B reconciled C rectified D reserved（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A promising B pleasing C prominent D professional（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A contrive B convince

10、C convert D convict（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A which B what C how D whether（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A ignored B neglected C remembered D noticed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A offer B afford C prize D reward（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A in B on C at D around（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A commit themselves to B commit themselve

11、s onC commute themselves to D comply themselves to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A work in B work out C work over D work off（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A recalls B enlists C convenes D collects（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A in principle B in confidence C in name D in earnest（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：

12、0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In most parts of the world, climate change is a worrying subject. Not so in California. At a recent gathering of green luminariesin a film stars house, naturally, for that is how seriousness is often established in Los Angelesthe dominant note was

13、self-satisfaction at what the state has already achieved. And perhaps nobody is more complacent than Arnold Schwarzenegger. Unlike A1 Gore, a presidential candidate turned prophet of environmental doom, Californias governor sounds cheerful when talking about climate change. As well he might: it has

14、made his political career.Although California has long been an environmentally-conscious state, until recently greens were concerned above all with smog and redwood trees. “Coast of Dreams“, Kevin Stags authoritative history of contemporary California, published in 2004, does not mention climate cha

15、nge. In that year, though, the newly-elected Mr. Schwarzenegger made his first tentative call for western states to seek alternatives to fossil fuels. Gradually he noticed that his efforts to tackle climate change met with less resistance, and more acclaim, than just about all his other policies. Th

16、ese days it can seem as though he works on nothing else.Mr. Schwarzeneggers transformation from screen warrior to eco-warrior was completed last year when he signed a bill imposing legally-enforceable limits on greenhousegas emissionsa first for America. Thanks mostly to its lack of coal and heavy i

17、ndustry, California is a relatively clean state. If it were a country it would be the worlds eighth-biggest economy, but only its 16th-biggest polluter. Its big problem is transportmeaning, mostly, cars and trucks, which account for more than 40% of its greenhouse-gas emissions compared with 32% in

18、America as a whole. The state wants to ratchet down emissions limits on new vehicles, beginning in 2009. Mr. Schwarzenegger has also ordered that, by 2020, vehicle fuel must produce 10% less carbon: in the production as well as the burning, so a simple switch to corn-based ethanol is probably out.Th

19、anks in part to California s example, most of the western states have adopted climate action plans. When it comes to setting emission targets, the scene can resemble a posedown at a Mr. Olympia contest. Arizonas climate-change scholars decided to set a target of cutting the states emissions to 2000

20、levels by 2020. But Janet Napolitano, the governor, was determined not to be out-muscled by California. She has declared that Arizona will try to return to 2000 emission levels by 2012.California has not just inspired other states; it has created a vanguard that ought to be able to prod the federal

21、government into stronger national standards than it would otherwise consider. But California is finding it easier to export its policies than to put them into practice at home. In one way, California s self-confidence is fully justified. It has done more than any other statelet alone the federal gov

22、ernmentto fix Americas attention on climate change. It has also made it seem as though the problem can be solved. Which is why failure would be such bad news. At the moment California is a beacon to other states. If it fails, it will become an excuse for inaction.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the autho

23、r, Mr. Arnold Schwarzenegger is cheerful chiefly becauseA climate change is not worrying California anymore.B even film stars become serious about environmental protection.C he has benefited personally from Californias achievements.D his style of administration is always dominated by self-satisfacti

24、on.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Why did Mr. Schwarzenegger seem to be working on nothing else?A Because California has always been environmentally-conscious.B Because Kevin Starr failed to talk about climate change in his book.C Because his call for alternative fuels has been most strongly echoed.D Because

25、all his other policies met with more acclaim than resistance.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Corn-based ethanol might not be chosen as an alternative becauseA carbon reduction in both fuel production and burning might be hard.B California also intends to cut down emissions from new vehicles.C it is almost impo

26、ssible for vehicle fuel to produce 10% less carbon.D Californias corns are chiefly transported by cars and trucks.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Janet Napolitano is mentioned in the passage to show thatA Arizona is determined to out-muscle California.B female governors often set unrealistic goals.C Arizona wi

27、ll start a Mr. Olympia contest with California.D Californias actions have produced some positive effects.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the text thatA California needs further actions to inspire other states.B California has set a perfect model for other states to follow.C California w

28、ill become an excuse for inaction for other states.D California might find it difficult to execute its own policies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Not many 25-year-olds can reasonably claim to have changed the world. The IBM personal computer, which was launched in 1981 and celebrates its

29、25th birthday in August, is a rare exception. Other personal computers had been launched before; but it was the IBM PC that ended up defining the standard around which a vast new industry then coalesced. IBM, the titan of the computing World at the time, quickly lost control of its own creation, all

30、owing others to reap the benefits. But leave aside what the PC has done for the fortunes of particular companies, and instead step back and consider what the PC has done for mankind.The PCs most obvious achievement has been to help make computers cheaper, more widely available and more useful than e

31、ver before. Before it appeared, different computers from different manufacturers were mostly incompatible with each other. The PCs architecture was not perfect, but its adoption as an industry standard made possible economies of scale in both hardware and software. This in turn reduced prices and en

32、abled the PC to democratise computing.But although the PC has its merits, it also has its faults. Its flexibility has proved to be both a strength and a weakness: it encourages innovation, but at the cost of complexity, reliability and security. And for people in the developing world, PCs are too bu

33、lky, expensive and energy-hungry. W. hen it comes to extending the benefits of digital technology-chiefly, cheap and easy access to information to everyone on the planet, the PC may not be the best tool for the job.Look on the streets of almost any city in the world, however, and you will see people

34、 clutching tiny, pocket computers, better known as mobile phones. Already, even basic handsets have simple web-browsers, calculators and other computing functions. Mobile phones are cheaper, simpler and more reliable than PCs, and market forces-in particular, the combination of pie-paid billing plan

35、s and microcredit schemes-are already putting them into the hands of even the worlds poorest people. Initiatives to spread PCs in the developing world, in contrast, rely on top-down funding from governments or aid agencies, rather than bottom-up adoption by consumers.All kinds of firms, from giants

36、such as Google to start-ups such as CellBazaar, are working to bring the full belle, fits of the web to mobile phones. There is no question that the PC has democratised computing and-unleashed innovation, but it is the mobile phone that now seems most likely to carry the dream of the “personal compu

37、ter“ to its conclusion.（分数：10.00）(1).Why dose the author hold the opinion that the IBM personal computer is a rare exception?A Personal computer is an amazing invention.B IBM lost control of personal computer.C The birth of IBM personal computer makes drastic changes in our society.D Among the firms

38、 making the biggest splash in personal computer world is IBM.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).As a result of an industry standardization, PC becomes _.A more and more popular. B more and more effectiveC more and more efficient. D more and more portable.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the third para

39、graph that _.A it is hard to find a job as a computer engineer.B PC is not the best option as a tool to gather information.C PCs are so expensive and energy-hungry.D every advantage has its disadvantage.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).By saying “from giants such as Google to start-ups such as CellBazaar“ ( Lin

40、e 1, Paragraph 5 ) , the author implies that _.A Google is more profitable than CellBazaar.B they are Search-engine vendors.C they are rushing to provide services to mobile phones.D they have reaped the benefits from mobile phone industry.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the authors attitude towards mob

41、ile phone?A Optimistic. B Critical. C Biased. D Prospective.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Even before canaries (特高频噪声) were brought into coal mines to alert workers to the presence of poisonous gas, birds were giving us early warning calls signaling the Earths deteriorating environmental

42、health. Global bird populations have shrunk by up to 25% since preagricultural (农业社会前的) times. Over the past 300 years, farmland has expanded from six percent of the Earths surface to nearly 33%.Today, three quarters of threatened bird species depend on forests as their principal habitat; each year,

43、 however, some 13,000,000 hectares of forests are destroyed, an area the size of Greece. Nearly half the woodlands lost are relatively undisturbed primary forests that are home to a number of sensitive birds and other creatures.Direct exploitation, including hunting for food and capture for the pet

44、trade, is the second greatest danger after habitat loss, while next is the intentional or accidental introduction of non-native species. As people travel to all parts of the globe, so too do the pests and pets that prey on, out-compete, or alter the habitat of native wildlife.Pollution poses an addi

45、tional risk, affecting 12% of the threatened bird species. In addition to direct poisoning from fertilizer and pesticide applications, runoff of chemicals contaminates the wetlands that migrating waterfowl rely on. Persistent organic pollutants accumulate in the food chain and can lead to deformitie

46、s, reproductive failure, and disease in birds.Worldwide, one-third of plant and animal species could become extinct by 2050 as a result of climate change, a relatively new threat. Global temperature spikes have brought severe alterations to the migration, breeding, and habitat ranges of some birds.I

47、n addition to these looming dangers, seven percent of threatened bird species are at risk from incidental mortality. A rapid decline in seabird populations over the last 15 years corresponds with the growth in commercial longline fisheries. In Europe, Central Asia, and Africa, electrocution on power

48、 lines has caused the mass mortality of raptors. Moreover, countless birds die each year from collisions with windows, the number-one cause of U.S. avian mortality.If birds disappear, so do the economically valuable services they provide. Preventing the extinction of additional bird populations depends largely on protecting the worlds remaining wild spaces and preserving the health of our natural and altered ecosystems.Reports that the ivory-billed woodpecker, long thought to be extinct, is still with us thrilled bird watchers and others, but this sort of second chance seldom occurs in nature